Transcript Kingdoms
Classification Chapter 17 Finding Order in Diversity taxonomy: the science of classifying living things Carolus Linnaeus: developed current system of naming and classifying organisms; 7 levels*largest group down to the individual* Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (King Phillip Came Over For Green Spaghetti) Diversity, continued binomial nomenclature: 2-word scientific name given to each unique organism; first word is general description-the genus; second word identifies the specific organism-the species the scientific name is always in Latin; the genus is always capitalized; the species always lowercase; both always underlined or in italics Linnaeus’s System KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus Ursus arctos SPECIES Ursus arctos Testudo elephantopus Carcharodon carcharias Panthera tigris Canis familiaris Modern Evolutionary Classification phylogeny: the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms organisms were originally grouped according to their visible similarities/differences-----now grouped based on their evolutionary history in addition to their similarities/differences (evolutionary classification) Cladogram a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms; a type of evolutionary family tree uses derived characters (characteristics that only appear in recent parts of an organism’s lineage, not in it’s older members) Crustaceans Gastropod Barnacle Limpet Molted exoskeleton Tiny free-swimming larva CLADOGRAM Kingdoms - Then and Now 1700’s—Linnaeus—2 kingdoms— Plantae and Animalia late 1800’s—Protista (microorganisms), Plantae, Animalia 1950’s—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia (until this time, Fungi was considered part of the Plantae kingdom) 1990’s—Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia The Three-Domain System 3 domains and 6 kingdoms: 1)domain Bacteria includes kingdom Eubacteria 2)domain Archaea includes kingdom Archaebacteria 3)domain Eukarya includes kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Domains/Kingdoms, continued members based on key characteristics: 1) cell type (prokaryote/eukaryote) 2) cell structures (cell walls/chloroplasts) 3) number of cells (unicellular/multicellular) 4) mode of nutrition (autotroph/heterotroph) Eubacteria domain Bacteria; ecologically diverse 1) prokaryote 2) cell walls containing peptidoglycan 3) unicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph Streptococcus Escherichia coli Archaebacteria domain Archaea; live in harsh environments 1) prokaryote 2) cell walls without peptidoglycan 3) unicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph Aquifex aeolicus Methanobacterium formicum Protista Paramecium bursaria Fuligo septica domain Eukarya; “catch-all” kingdom 1) eukaryote 2) cell walls ocellulose in some; some have chloroplasts 3) most unicellular, some colonial, some multicellular 4) autotroph or heterotroph Fungi Auricularia auricula-judae Trichophyton rubrum domain Eukarya; feed on dead and decaying matter 1) eukaryote 2) cell walls made of chitin 3) most multicellular; some unicellular 4) heterotroph Plantae Domain Eukarya; are nonmotile (cannot move from place to place) 1) eukaryote 2) cell walls of cellulose; have chloroplasts 3) multicellular 4) autotroph Lupinus arcticus Sequoia sempervirens Animalia domain Eukarya; many species exist in nearly every part of the planet 1) eukaryote 2) no cell walls or chloroplasts 3) multicellular 4) heterotroph Desmodus rotundus Agalychnis callidryas