Transcript Organisms are grouped into Kingdoms - sohs-biology2

Classification
• Grouping of objects or
information based on
similarities
• Taxonomy: branch of biology
concerned with grouping and
naming organisms
Aristotle’s System
• 384 B.C. – 322 B.C.
• First method of classification
• Two major groups
–Plants
–Animals
• Grouped according to where they
lived- water, land, air
Linnaeus’ System
•
Century
• System still used today
• Physical characteristics
determine classification
• Evolutionary relationships also
considered
th
18
Binomial Nomenclature
Scientific Names
Genus and Species
• Genus: group of closely related
species
• Species: descriptive of that
organism
Taxonomy
• Provides framework of logic
and order so that relationships
among living things can be seen
easily
• Useful tool
How living things are
classified
• Series of categories: taxa
• Fit together like nested boxes
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Animalia
Chordata
Mammalia
Primate
Hominidae
Homo
Sapien
Organisms are grouped
into Kingdoms
• Based on:
–Cell type
–Cell construction
–Body type
–Method for obtaining nutrition
How are Relationships
Determined?
• Similarities in structure,
development, chemistry and
behavior
• Evolutionary relationships are
revealed by using these features
of classification
Phylogeny
• The evolutionary history of a
species
• Organisms belonging to the same
group can be expected to share the
same characteristics
–Example: cats and retractile
claws
Scientific Names
• In Latin: no longer spoken,
therefore doesn’t change
• Allows scientists to speak
universally about animals
The SIX Kingdoms
Section 18-3
DOMAIN
ARCHAEA
DOMAIN
EUKARYA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN
BACTERIA
Go to
Section:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Figure 18-12 Key Characteristics of
Kingdoms and Domains
Section 18-3
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN
Bacteria
Archaea
KINGDOM
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
CELL TYPE
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Prokaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Eukaryote
Cell walls with
peptidoglycan
Cell walls
without
peptidoglycan
Cell walls of
cellulose in
some; some
have
chloroplasts
Cell walls of
chitin
Cell walls of
cellulose;
chloroplasts
No cell walls
or chloroplasts
Unicellular
Unicellular
Most unicellular;
some colonial;
some
multicellular
Most
multicellular;
some
unicellular
Multicellular
Multicellular
MODE OF
NUTRITION
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Autotroph or
heterotroph
Heterotroph
Autotroph
Heterotroph
EXAMPLES
Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli
Methanogens,
halophiles
Amoeba,
Paramecium,
slime molds,
giant kelp
Mushrooms,
yeasts
Mosses, ferns,
flowering
plants
Sponges,
worms,
insects, fishes,
mammals
CELL
STRUCTURES
NUMBER OF
CELLS
Go to
Section:
Eukarya
Monerans
• Now divided into two kingdoms:
bacteria and archaea
• All prokaryotes
• Microscopic
• Mostly unicellular
• First appeared in fossil records
about 3.5 billion years ago
• More than 10,000 species
Protists
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Diverse
• Lacks complex organ systems
• Lives in moist environments
• First appeared in fossil records
about 1 billion years ago
• Up to 200,000 species
Fungi
• Eukaryotes
• Unicellular or multicellular
• Heterotrophs
• Stationary
• First appeared in fossil record
about 400 million years ago
• 100,000 + species
Plants
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eukaryote
Multicellular
Stationary
Photosynthesize
Cellulose cell walls
Organ systems
First appeared in fossil record about 400
million years ago
• Half a million species so far identified
Animals
• Eukaryotes
• Multicellular
• Consumers
• No cell walls
• Organ systems
• Able to move
• First appeared in fossil records
about 700 million years ago