Transcript Argument - Summary PowerPoint

I think I think…
ITherefore
think. Therefore
I
am.
I might be.
Stage 2 Philosophy
Argument Analysis
Types of propositions

Metaphysical


Opinion


That picture was great.
Analytical


God exists. All is determined.
All bachelors are unmarried men. Triangles…
Empirical

Everest is the highest mountain.
Analysing arguments
Clean steel
Slate
P1AStainless
surfaces are pitted with
microscopic
scratches
which can
Preparing
food
on copper
harbour bacteria.
surfaces
could prevent
P2 At 4 degrees C the common bacterium
thousands
of potentially fatal
E. Coli 0157 can survive for 35 days
cases
of poisoning
each year.
on stainless
steel.
steel
surfaces
P3The
At 4 stainless
degrees C the
common
bacterium
often
used
incan
thesurvive
foodless
industry
E. Coli
0157
than 14
on copper.
arehours
pitted
with microscopic
UP4
Bacteriumwhich
E. Coli can
0157 harbour
is potentially
scratches
fatal.
bacteria…
bacteria…
Research… has
UP5
Food is
usually
on stainless
shown
that
at 4prepared
degrees
C the
steel surfaces.
common bacterium E. Coli
C Preparing food on copper surfaces
0157 can survive for 35 days on
could prevent thousands of potentially
stainless
steel, but lasts less
fatal cases of poisoning each year.
than 14 hours on copper.
P1 The stainless steel surfaces often
used in the food industry are pitted
with microscopic scratches which can
harbour bacteria.
P2 Research… has shown that at 4
degrees C the common bacterium E.
Coli 0157 can survive for 35 days on
stainless steel.
P3 Research… has shown that at 4
degrees C the common bacterium E.
Coli 0157 can survive less than 14
hours on copper.
C Preparing food on copper surfaces
could prevent thousands of
potentially fatal cases of poisoning
each year.
How do we think?


Inductive thinking
Deductive thinking
Inductive thinking
Induction to a generalisation
What conclusion can you draw from the phone
calls?
Induction to an explanation
What explanation can you give for the phone
calls?
Inductive thinking
Induction to a generalisation
P1 - Last week I boiled some water and it boiled at 100c.
Student have put rubbish in the bin really well
P2 - Yesterday I boiled some more and it boiled at 100c too.
all this week. I’m sure they will tomorrow as
P3 - Today
well.when I boiled some water, it boiled at 100c.

C - I guess the same thing will happen every time I boil
water.

Last week I boiled some water and it boiled at 100c.
Then yesterday I boiled some more and it boiled at 100c
too. Even today when I boiled some water, it boiled at
100c. I guess the same thing will happen every time I
boil water.

Inductive thinking
Induction to the best explanation
Deductive thinking
Fruit
Syllogism
P1P1
- Water
at an
100c
- I amboils
eating
apple.
Apples
P2P2
- I -am
toare
boilfruit.
this jug of water.
Allgoing
apples
X
C - This water will boil at 100c
C - I am eating fruit.
P1 – The earth is a sphere.
P2 – A Planet is a sphere.
C - The earth is a planet
Arguments



Premises – True or False
Conclusion
Arguments




Cogency – An argument is cogent if the
premises lead to the conclusion.
(Valid/Invalid)
Arguments can be Sound or Not Sound
Equivocation & Begging the Question
Rationally Compelling
Equivocation
P1 John is tall.
P2 Tall is an adjective.
C John is an adjective.
Victorian attitude
BANNING breastfeeding
in parliament – sounds a bit
Victorian to me.
Paul Harrington
Blair Athol
Arguments



Premises – True of False
Conclusion
Arguments




Cogency – An argument is cogent if the
premises lead to the conclusion.
(Valid/Invalid)
Arguments can be Sound or Not Sound
Equivocation & Begging the Question
Rationally Compelling
Reasoning in developing
Scientific knowledge
Theories or laws
Observations
Falsification
Building scientific knowledge
P1 When I drop this pen it falls.
Scientific
P2 When I drop this chair it falls.
knowledge is
P3 When I drop this book it falls. built
P4 When I drop this paper it falls. inductively.
C When I drop things, they fall.
Testing scientific knowledge
P1 When I drop things,
they fall.
P2 I am dropping this
helium filled balloon.
Scientific knowledge is
tested deductively
P1 Scientific law or
theory
P2 Specific instance
C The balloon will fall.
C Result of the law or
theory