Transcript 2. Kingdoms & Intro to Virus

6 Kingdom Classification System
Archaebacteria / Eubacteria
How we got to the 6 kingdom
classification system we have today?
2 Kingdoms  Plants and Animals
3 Kingdoms  Added Protista (microorganisms)
4 Kingdoms  Added Fungi (molds and mushrooms)
5 Kingdoms  Added Monera (NO true nucleus)
6 Kingdoms  Monera are divided into:
Archaebacteria / Eubacteria
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The 5 Kingdoms
Monera - DIVIDED
Archaebacteria – thrive in harsh conditions
- Cell wall and ribosomes
Example: methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles
Eubacteria – rigid surface (unusual cell wall)
Example: bacteria, cyanobacteria
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Viruses
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Questions
1. Where do viruses fit into the model of the 6
Kingdom classification system?
2. Are viruses considered living organisms?
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What are the characteristics of living
organisms?
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Living things…
are made of cells
grow and develop
reproduce
respond to their environment
adapt to their environment
obtain and use energy
produce wastes
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Image of an
animal cell
 cells can fulfill all
characteristics of life
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More realistic
size of a virus
compared to an
animal cell
Magnified image
of a virus
 viruses on their own
can be considered
lifeless chemicals,
unless ……?
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… unless they are reproducing
Answer
viruses
are not considered to be living organisms
because:
1.
2.
not made up of cells
only capable of 1 life function
i.e. reproduction & only within a living cell
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outside cells, viruses are lifeless chemicals
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capsid:
protein coat for protection
core:
•either DNA or RNA (genetic material)
Receptor sites:
•spikes that help virus attach to its
specific host cell
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Numerous shapes
Examples:
Rods or filaments:
Ebola
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Tobacco Mosaic
Virus
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Spherical:
Influenza
SARS
HIV
Smallpox
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Geometric Shapes:
Adenovirus (colds)
20-sided polygon (icosahedron)
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Bacteriophage T4
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Viruses are generally classified by:
1.
2.
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the organisms they infect
 host range (cells that the virus can infect)
 examples: a) cold virus (human respiratory cells)
b) rabies (nerve cells in dogs, rodents,
humans)
c) HIV (human WBC)
d) bacteriophage (bacteria)
structure
a. size and shape of the capsid
b. type genetic material (DNA or RNA)
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
so small measured in units
called nanometres (nm)
1nm = 1X10-9 m
(billionth of a metre)
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size ranges from 20 - 400 nm
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5 Kingdom Classification System
Organisms
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
• very tiny simple cells
• no true nucleus
• no organelles
• larger more complex cells
• have a nucleus
• have numerous organelles
Cell Wall
No Cell Wall
Autotrophs
•make their own
food by photosynthesis
1. Monera
bacteria
Heterotrophs
•can’t make their
own food
•must eat other
organisms
Unicellular
Multicellular
2. Plants
3. Fungi
moss
ferns
yeast
mould
4.Protists
5. Animals
amoeba
*algae
insects
fish
The 5 Kingdoms
Some examples of each of the 6 Kingdoms
1. Eubacteria
bacteria
2.Archaebacteria
methanogens
3. Plants
moss
ferns
5.Protists
4. Fungi
yeast
mould
mushrooms
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amoeba
*algae
6. Animals
insects
fish
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