Transcript Chapter 18 Classification

Classification of Life
Chapter 17
Classification of Life
What am I???
What is my
name???
2
Why Classify?
1.There are 13
_______
billion known
species of organisms
2.This is only __________
5% of all
organisms that ever lived!!!!!
New organisms
3.___________are
still being
found and identified
3
4
What is Classification?
Classification the
4)___________is
arrangement of organisms into
orderly groups based on their
similarities
5) Classification is also known
taxonomy
as __________
6) Taxonomists
__________are scientists
that identify & name
organisms
5
Benefits of Classifying
Accurately & uniformly
7)________________names
organisms
8) Classification Prevents misnomers
_____
such as starfish & jellyfish
that aren't really fish
same language (Latin)
Uses _________________for
all names
•
Sea”horse”??
And
I’m no
I’mfish!!
no horse
6
Why Latin
language no one speaks it.
10) It is a dead ___________,
change
11) So, it doesn’t ___________!
scientific language of the day!
12) It was the __________
13) Everybody in the world can use it, no matter
language
what ____________they
speak.
7
Confusion in Using Different
Languages for Names
8
Latin Names are Understood by all
Taxonomists because
Scientific
it is a __________
name
9
Common names for:
Mountain lion, Cougar, Deer tiger
Red tiger, Catamount, Panther
Latin Name: Puma concolor
(scientific name)
10
Early Taxonomists
14) 2000 years
Aristotle was
ago,_________
the first taxonomist
15) Aristotle divided
organisms into two
plants & animals
groups:____________
16)He subdivided
________them by
habitat
their_________
:land,
sea, or air dwellers
11
Early Taxonomists
John Ray a
17)_________,
botanist, was
the first to use
Latin for naming
18) His names
were very long.
The descriptions
tell everything
about the plant
12
Carolus Linnaeus
1707 – 1778
19)18th century
taxonomist
20) Classified
organisms by
their structure
21) Developed the
naming system
still used today
13
Carolus Linnaeus
22) Called the “Father of
Taxonomy”
23) Developed the modern
system of naming known
as binomial nomenclature
24) Two-word name (Genus
& species)
14
Binomial nomenclature
25) Binomial
nomenclature used
Genus species
26) Latin or Greek
27) Italicized in print
28) Capitalize genus,
but NOT species
29) Underline when
writing
Turdus migratorius
American Robin
15
Binomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?
16
Classification Groups
Taxon (taxa-plural) is a
30)________
category into which related
organisms are placed
hierarchy
31) There is a ___________of
groups (taxa) from broadest to
most specific
32) Domain, Kingdom, Phylum,
Class, Order, Family, Genus,
species
17
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups
BROADEST TAXON
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Most
Specific
18
Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!
19
20
Domains
33) Broadest, most inclusive taxon
34) Three domains
35) Archaea and Eubacteria are
unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus
or membrane-bound organelles)
Two types of BACTERIA
36) The third domain, Eukarya are
more complex and have a nucleus
and are membrane-bound
organelles
21
Two Views of Life’s Organization
– Domains and Kingdoms
Eubacteria
Domain ARCHAEA
37) Live in HARSH environments
38) Found in: most are anaerobic
(add) but all are heterotrophic
39) Sewage Treatment Plants
40) Thermal or Volcanic Vents
41) Hot Springs or Geysers that
are acid
42) Very salty water (Dead Sea;
Great Salt Lake)
23
ARCHAEAN
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A Deep Sea Thermal Vent – Prime Habitat for Archaean Extremophiles
Prismatic Pool, Yellowstone Park – Another
“Hot” Site for Archaebacteria
Prospecting for Archaebacteria in Yellowstone’s Obsidian Pool
Although Archaea were first discovered in extreme environments, it’s
important to realize they’re found everywhere, not just in harsh conditions.
Domain EUBACTERIA
43) Some may cause DISEASE
44) Found in ALL HABITATS
except harsh ones
45) Important decomposers for
environment
46) Commercially important in
making cottage cheese, yogurt,
buttermilk, etc.
28
Live in the intestines of animals
29
Domain Eukarya is Divided
into Kingdoms
47) Protista (protozoans, algae…)
48) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …)
49) Plantae (Multicellular plants)
50)Animalia (Multicellular animals)
30
Kingdom Protista
51) Most are
unicellular
52) Some are
multicellular
53) Some are
autotrophic, while
others are
heterotrophic
54) Are Aquatic
31
Kingdom
55)Multicellular,
except yeast
56) Absorptive
heterotrophs
(digest food
outside their
body & then
absorb it)
57) Cell walls
made of chitin
Fungi
32
Kingdom Plantae
58) Multicellular
59) Autotrophic
60) Absorb sunlight
to make glucose –
Photosynthesis
61) Cell walls made
of cellulose
33
Kingdom Animalia
62) Multicellular
63) Ingestive
heterotrophs
(consume food
& digest it
inside their
bodies)
64) Feed on
plants or
animals
34
34
5 Kingdom vs. 6 Kingdom
65) 5 Kingdom: Monera, Protista,
Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
66) 6 Kingdom: Archaebacteria,
Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia. Used today.
67) Reason to divide Monera:
Bacteria had different
structures in their ribosomes and
their cell walls.
35
Five-Kingdom System
Madder: Biology 8th Ed.
Six Kingdom System
38
Taxons
genera (genus)
•Most ______
contain a number of similar
species
Homo is an
The genus ______
exception (only contains
modern humans)
Classification is based on
evolutionary
__________ relationships
•
•
39
40
How Living Things Are Classified
• Modern taxonomists use the following classification system
Kingdom
Phylum
Animalia
Chordata
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Order
Carnivora
Mammalia
Procyonidae
Scientific Names are
in LATIN!!!
Procyon
Procyon lotor
Family
Genus
Same species means
they can breed!!!
Species
Rodentia
Caviidae
Cavia
Cavia porcellus
Basis for Modern Taxonomy
Homologous (same
71) ___________
structure, different function
don’t have common ancestors)
development
72) Similar Embryo
_____________
patterns.
73) Molecular Similarity in
DNA, RNA, or amino acid
sequence of Proteins
42
Homologous
74) _____________ Structures (BONES in the
FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.
43
Phylogenetic Classification: Models
80) Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species
Organisms are classified
Within the same group!!!
81) Cladistics: Type of phylogeny
that assumes that groups of
organism evolve from a common
ancestor, keeping unique
inherited characteristics. This
can be demonstrated by a
cladogram.
75) Cladogram
Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on shared, derived characteristics
such as feathers, hair, or scales
45
Dichotomous Keying
identify
76)Used to ______organisms
77) Characteristics given in
pairs
________
78) Read both characteristics
and either go to another
set of characteristics OR
identify the organism
46
Example of Dichotomous Key
1a
1b
2a
2b
3a
3b
4a
4b
Tentacles present – Go to 2
Tentacles absent – Go to 3
Eight Tentacles – Octopus
More than 8 tentacles – 3
Tentacles hang down – go to 4
Tentacles upright–Sea Anemone
Balloon-shaped body–Jellyfish
Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
47
Classifying Organisms
79) Bacteria – the Most Abundant Cells
shape
Classification based on _________
There are more bacteria in your
mouth than there have been people
living since the dawn of humans.
What Good Are Bacteria?
A lot of
bacteria are
the primary
82) recyclers
of materials
in the
environment.
83) What
What Good Are Bacteria?
Bacteria are also essential for many
processes we depend on – sewage
treatment, cheese production, antibiotic
production, and biotechnological
processes like gene cloning and protein
production.
Study the data table below. Which statement has correctly
identified the typical characteristics of a prokaryotic cell (two
students).
Organism Characteristics
Statement
Characteristics
1
Archaebacteria have membrane-bound DNA
2
Archaebacteria have cell membranes that contain lipids not
found in any other organism
3
Archaebacteria lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
4
Archaebacteria lack DNA and store their genetic information
on proteins
52
To which group does an organism with the following
characteristics belong?
• prokaryotic
• unicellular
• unique ribosomal RNA
• commonly found in harsh environments
• commonly found in anaerobic
environments
A. Protista
B. Fungi
C. Eubacteria
D. Archaebacteria
53
Which kingdom includes organisms with specialized cells that
perform individual functions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Plantae
Monera
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
54
A scientist is given several bacterial samples. Which
characteristic can be used to classify the bacteria as either
Eubacteria or Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom classification
system?
A. The presence of DNA
B. How the bacteria move
C. How the bacteria ingest food
D. The structure of ribosomal RNA
55
Student B
Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom
system.
Student C
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the fivekingdom system are combined to form Monera in
correctly
describes system
the main difference between
the six-kingdom
Which statement
the
Fung and Protista
in the
system are
five-kingdom Student
and theD six-kingdom
system
forfive-kingdom
classification?
combined to form Eubacteria in the six kingdom
A. Monera in the five-kingdom
system. system is divided into Protista and Fungi
in the six-kingdom system
B. Monera in the five-kingdom system is divided into Eubacteria and
Archaebacteria in the six-kingdom system
C. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria in the five-kingdom system are
combined to form Monera in the six-kingdom system
D. Fungi and Protista in the five-kingdom system are combined to form
Eubacteria in the six-kingdom system.
56
Study the table below. Which student correctly compares
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Student
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Prokaryote
1
Simple
Complex
Yes
No
No
Yes
2
Simple
Complex
Yes
Yes
No
No
3
Complex
Simple
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
4
Complex
Simple
Yes
No
Yes
no
Internal
Structure
A.
B.
C.
D.
Student 1
Student 2
Student 3
Student 4
Nucleus
Present
MembraneBound
Organelles
57
Virus – Non
Living
58
Viewing Viruses
Viruses are smaller
than the smallest cell
Viruses couldn’t be
seen until the electron
microscope was
invented in the 20th
century
59
Size of Viruses
60
Viral
Structure
61
Characteristics
Non living structures
Noncellular
Contain a protein coat called the
capsid
Have a nucleic acid core containing
DNA or RNA
Capable of reproducing only when
inside a HOST cell
62
Characteristics
CAPSID
Some viruses are enclosed in
DNA
an protective envelope
Some viruses may have spikes
to help attach to the host cell
Most viruses infect only
SPECIFIC host cells
ENVELOPE
SPIKES
63
Characteristics
Outside of host cells, viruses
are inactive
They Lack ribosomes and
enzymes needed for metabolism
Use the raw materials and
enzymes of the host cell to be able
to reproduce
EBOLA VIRUS
HIV VIRUS
64
Characteristics
Some viruses cause disease for
example:
Smallpox, measles,
mononucleosis, influenza, colds,
warts, AIDS, Ebola
Some viruses may cause some
cancers like leukemia
MEASLES
65
Viral Shapes
Viruses come in a variety
of shapes
Some may be helical shape
like the Ebola virus
Some may be polyhedral
shapes like the influenza virus
Others have more complex
shapes like bacteriophages
66
Helical Viruses
67
Complex Viruses
68
Polyhedral Viruses
69
Herpes Virus
SIMPLEX I and II
70
Adenovirus
COMMON COLD
71
Influenza Virus
72
Chickenpox Virus
73
Bacteriophages
74
Phages
Viruses that attack
bacteria are called
bacteriophage or just
phage
T-phages are a
specific class of
bacteriophages with
icosahedral heads,
double-stranded
DNA, and tails
75
Diagram of T-4
Bacteriophage
Head with
20 triangular
surfaces
Capsid
contains DNA
Head & tail
fibers made
of protein
76
Retroviruses
77
Characteristics of Retroviruses
Contain RNA, not DNA
Contain enzyme called Reverse
Transcriptase
When a retrovirus infects a
cell, it injects its RNA and
reverse transcriptase enzyme
into the cytoplasm of that cell
78
Retroviruses
HIV, the AIDS
virus, is a
retrovirus
Feline Leukemia
Virus is also a
retrovirus
79
Viroids & Prions
80
Viroids
Small, circular
RNA molecules
without a protein
coat
Infect plants
81
Prions
Prions are “infectious
proteins”
They are normal body
proteins that get
converted into an
alternate configuration by
contact with other prion
proteins
They have no DNA or
RNA
The main protein
involved in human and
mammalian prion diseases
is called “PrP”
82
Prion Diseases
Prions form insoluble
deposits in the brain
Causes neurons to
rapidly degeneration.
Mad cow disease:
degeneration of brain
and spinal cord.
83
Viral Replication
84
Viral Attack
Viruses are very specific as to
which species they attack
HOST specific
Humans rarely share viral
diseases with other animals
Eukaryotic viruses usually have
protective envelopes made from
the host cell membrane
85
5 Steps of Lytic Cycle
1. Attachment to the cell
2. Penetration (injection) of viral
DNA or RNA
3. Replication (Biosynthesis) of new
viral proteins and nucleic acids
4. Assembly (Maturation) of the
new viruses
5. Release of the new viruses into
the environment (cell lyses)
86
Bacteriophage Replication
Bacteriophage
inject their
nucleic acid
They lyse
(break open) the
bacterial cell
when replication
is finished
87
Treatment for Viral
Disease
88
Vaccines
An attenuated virus is a weakened, less
vigorous virus
“Attenuate" refers to procedures that
weaken an agent of disease (heating)
A vaccine against a viral disease can be
made from an attenuated, less virulent
strain of the virus
Attenuated virus is capable of
stimulating an immune response and
creating immunity, but not causing illness
89
Other Viral Treatments
Interferon are
naturally occurring
proteins made by cells to
fight viruses
Genetic altering of
viruses (attenuated
viruses)
Antiviral drugs (AZT)
Protease inhibitors –
prevent capsid formation
90