Transcript 01-2010C

The Scientific Study Of Life
Chapter 1
Objectives
Outline the universal characteristics of living
things
 Describe the Scientific Classification System
 Outline the Scientific Method as a process
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Biology is the study of life
Living organisms have several properties and
common characteristics
 Exhibit
 Ability
order
to reproduce
 Ability to grow and develop
 Utilization of energy ( metabolism)
 response to external environmental stimuli
 Ability to adapt
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Living organisms have several properties
and common characteristics con’t
 Maintenance
of homeostasis
 Homeostasis maintains living systems in an
acceptable range
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Cell: most basic structure in living organisms,
capable of carrying out all of the activities
fundamental to life
Cell is the structural and functional
unit of life
Robert Hooke, an English Scientist,
First described and named cells in 1665.
There are two main types of cells: Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes
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Characteristics of Prokaryotes
bacteria
lack many of the organelles of eukaryotes
smaller
many have cell walls
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Characteristics of Eukaryotes
 plants,
animals, fungi, protista
 membrane bound well defined nucleus
 complex organelles
 cell wall only in plants
Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
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Cells are organized in tissues,
 organs,
 organ
systems,
 individuals,
 populations,
 communities
 and ecosystems
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Biologists classify organisms into groups
with similar characteristics to understand
the diversity of life
 Classification of organisms = taxonomy
 The system progresses from the most
general to the most specific
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The “system”
4Kingdom
4Phylum
4Class
4Order
4Family
4Genus
4Species
TheSystem
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Based on information obtained the System
has been modified and is much more
complicated than we will take time to
explain in our class.
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There are now several Domains above the
Kingdom Level – Please read about them
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For our purposes we will discuss the Five
Basic Kingdoms:
 Monera
= Bacteria
 Protista = unicellular eukaryotes
 Plantae = plants
 Fungi = mushrooms, slime molds, fungi
 Animalia = animals
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Science means to know in Latin
 Scientific Method specifies a process used
to find answers
 there are many different approaches
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Scientific Process ( Method)
 Review
accumulated scientific data
 Formulate hypothesis
 Experiment and observe to collect data
 Evaluate results
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Facts to remember regarding hypotheses
 They
reflect past experience with similar
questions
 Propose multiple hypotheses whenever possible
 Hypotheses should be testable via scientific
process
 Hypotheses can be eliminated, but not proven
with 100% certainty
Hypotheses Con’t
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H0 = There is no difference
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Example: There will be no difference in the
stalking behavior of lions born in zoos and lions
born in the wild
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HA = There is a difference
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Example: Lions born in the wild will stalk prey
more efficiently than those born in zoos.
Positive and Negative Feedback
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Used to regulate function in many
biological systems
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Prevents was of energy and biochemicals in
living systems
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Helps maintain homeostasis
Positive and Negative Feedback