Transcript history of life notes

Summer 2006 Workshop
in Biology and Multimedia
for High School Teachers
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
HISTORY OF LIFE
Beth Mick - Lesson Plan
• How Much Is a Billion? Author: Anne Monk
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/search/sea
rch_lessons.php?sort_by=audi
• LECTURE - PPT SLIDE
• EARLY EARTH ANIMATION - 2006-LS-HHMI
• Time line Activity modifed from Glencoe
• Access Excellence Evolution: Teaching Radioactive
Decay: Radioactive Half-Life and Dating Techniques
Daniel Gray
www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC/1995/teach_rad.
html
• Determining age of rocks and fossils
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/McKinney.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
References
• Biology: The Dynamics of Life; Glencoe 2004
• http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php
• http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/evolution/inde
x.html
• http://www.accessexcellence.org/AE/AEPC/WWC
/1995/
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
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EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
WHAT DO YOU THINK EARLY EARTH WAS LIKE?
• HOW OLD?
• 4.5 BILLION YEARS
• BIG BANG - GRAVITY CAUSES DUST PARTICLES
TO CONDENSE
• METEORITES (METEORS THAT HIT THE EARTH)
FOR MILLIONS OF YEARS - HOW HOT WOULD THE
EARTH BE?
• EARTH HAS TO COOL DOWN - STEAM ESCAPES
AND RAIN ALLOWS COLLECTION OF WATER EARTH NOW HAS……
• ATMOSPHERE OF AMMONIA, METHANE,
WATER VAPOR, CO2, AND NITROGEN
• WHAT IS MISSING?
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
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•
•
•
•
•
EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
WHAT EVIDENCE DO SCIENTISTS USE?
• FOSSILS!
–
–
–
–
–
–
TRACE
MOLD
CAST
AMBER
IMPRINT
PETRIFIED
Images courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
• WHERE ARE FOSSILS USUALLY FOUND?
• WHO STUDIES THESE?
• HOW DO SCIENTISTS DETERMINE THE AGE OF
SOMETHING BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD?
– RELATIVE DATING
– RADIOMETRIC DATING
Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
MOLECULAR CLOCKS
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THE IDEA THAT
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES
OCCUR IN A CLOCK-LIKE
FASHION.
USE CHANGES IN THE DNA
SEQUENCE AS EVIDENCE OF
THESE CHANGES.
FOR EXAMPLE, IF TWO
SPECIES DIFFER BY 4 BASES,
AND THIS DNA SEQUENCE
CHANGES AT A RATE OF ONE
BASE PER 25 MILLION YEARS,
THEN THEIR COMMON
ANCESTOR LIVED 50 MILLION
YEARS AGO.
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
GEOLOGICAL TIME
• TOO OLD FOR YEARS OR MONTHS
• FOUR ERAS DEPENDING ON WHICH ORGANISMS
LIVED
• PRECAMBRIAN
• PALEOZOIC
• MESOZOIC
• CENOZOIC
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
WHY DO WE HAVE DIFFERENT ERA’S?
Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
PRECAMBRIAN
• WHAT DO SCIENTISTS THINK WAS ALIVE WAY
BACK THEN??
• IN THE DEEP-SEA VOLCANIC VENTS, A
PRIMORDIAL SOUP (MIXTURE OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS) MAY HAVE BEEN HOW LIFE BEGAN
ON EARTH.
• BACTERIA
• THIS ERA LASTED FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS UNTIL
MORE LIVING ORGANISMS EVOLVED
IMAGES for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/imagebank/"
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
PALEOZOIC ERA
540 MILLION YEARS AGO!!
• NOW THE EARTH IS GETTING LARGER LIFE!
• FIRST PART OF PALEOZOIC IS CALLED
CAMBRIAN
• PROTISTS!
• SEA PLANTS!
• SEA ANIMALS!
• LAND PLANTS!
• LAND ANIMALS!
• WHAT ENDED THE PALEOZOIC ERA??
• MASS EXTINCTION!
Dr. Thomas W. Kammer
IMAGES for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/imagebank/"
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
www.carnegiemnh.org/ip/tours/virtual/hall.htm
Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
MESOZOIC ERA
245 MILLION YEARS AGO!!
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DINOSAURS
REPTILES
SMALL MAMMALS APPEAR
BIRDS EVOLVE
PLATE TECTONICS
WHAT ENDED THE MESOZOIC ERA?
MASS EXTINCTION!
? METERORITE
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/dinofossil/dinoage.htm
Image courtesy of the UC Museum of Paleontology Understanding Evolution: http://evolution.berkeley.edu."
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
CENOZOIC ERA
66 MILLION YEARS AGO!
• MAMMALS FLOURISH
• PRIMATES ABOUT 30 MILLION YEARS AGO
• MODERN HUMAN SPECIES – ABOUT
200,000 YEARS AGO
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
Tom Tregenza © Tom Tregenza
Tom Tregenza © Tom Tregenza
Dr Gordon Beakes © University of Newcastle upon Tyne
Tom Tregenza © Tom Tregenza
Prof Paul F. Brain © University of Wales, Swansea
licensed for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/imagebank/"
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
HOW WERE THE FIRST CELLS MADE?
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DOES ANYONE KNOW FOR SURE?
SPONATEOUS GENERATION VS BIOGENESIS
FRANCESCO REDI
LOUIS PASTEUR’S EXPERIMENT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
LOUIS PASTEUR
Pasteur filled a flask with medium, heated it to kill all life,
and then drew out the neck of the flask into a long S.
This prevented microorganisms in the air from entering the flask,
yet allowed air to flow freely. If the swan neck was broken,
microbes could enter the flask and grow.
http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Microtextbook/index.php?module=Book&func=displayarticle&art_id=27
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
• ALEXANDER OPARIN - CREATION OF
MACROMOLECULES WITHOUT OXYGEN
• STANLEY MILLER AND HAROLD UREY EXPERIMENT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Miller-Urey_experiment_en.png creative commons copyright
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
ONE CELL ORGANISMS NOW!
• FIRST BACTERIA AROUND 3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
• SOME ARE CYANOBACTERIA - THESE ARE
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA - HMMMMMMM
• WHAT ARE THESE BACTERIA GOING TO PRODUCE?
• ALMOST 10% ABOUT 2.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
• WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE BACTERIA?
• WHAT TYPE OF CELLS ARE ALL OTHER ORGANISMS?
• WHERE DID EUKARYOTIC CELLS COME FROM?
• ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Dr Gordon Beakes © University of Newcastle upon Tynelicensed for use through the Centre for Bioscience ImageBank,http://www.bioscience.heacademy.ac.uk/imagebank/"
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
THE HISTORY OF LIFE
•
•
•
•
•
•
EARLY HISTORY OF EARTH
EVIDENCE
HOW OLD IS SOMETHING?
WHAT IS GEOLOGIC TIME?
FIRST CELLS
ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY
Courtesy NASA/JPL-Caltech
http://origins.jpl.nasa.gov/habitable-planets/invest16.html
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
BEGINNING OF THE EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• EVIDENCE FOR ENDOSYMBIOSIS
• DNA
evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/endosymbiosis_03
Life Sciences-HHMI Outreach. Copyright 2006 President and Fellows of Harvard College.