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Diversity of Living Things Ch 4.3 Characteristics of ALL LIVING THINGS • • • • • • • Made up of cells Grow and develop Species evolve adaptations to environment Use energy and produce waste Reproduce Respond to stimulus Cellular organization – Cells, tissues, organs, systems, organism Alive or Not? • • • • • • • • • • • • Grass Alive Maple tree Alive Bacteria Alive Virus NOT! Leaf Only if attached to the tree Seed alive • Water • Not alive (not made up of cells, etc) • Jellyfish • Alive • Air • Fungus spores, bacteria and pollen alive; oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide – not alive • Sun • Not Classification • 6 Kingdoms, • All have all the characteristics of living things • listed in order of appearance on the planet: – Archaebacteria – Eubacteria – Protists – Fungi – Plants – Animals archaebacteria • • • • • Most ancient (archaic) Single-celled No nucleus in cells (prokaryotes) Some produce their own food (and oxygen) Survive in extreme conditions – – – – – – Your intestines Hot springs (Yellowstone Nat’l Park) Possibly on other planets Methanogens Produce methane gas Thermal vents in bottom of ocean Between rock layers deep in earth • Chemically very different from all other life as we know it. eubacteria • • • • • Single celled No nucleus in cells Some produce their own food This is most bacteria we think of Uses: – In food such as yogurt, cheeses, fermented foods – Consume oils and other pollutants – decomposers • Harms: – Cause illness – Rot foods Protists • • • • “pre” animals, plants and fungi Many are single celled All cells have nucleus (eukaryotes) Some are heterotrophs, some are autotrophs (algae), and some are both! (euglena) • Need moist conditions to survive • All algae and seaweed are protists • Uses: – Algae produces ~70% of earth’s oxygen – We eat seaweed – yum! • Harms: – Some can make you sick (giardia, malaria, sleeping sickness, etc.) Fungi • Why did the mushroom go to the party? • Because he was such a fun guy! Fungi • • • • • • Most are multi-celled, except… Yeast are single-celled Cells have a nucleus Gets energy from others (can’t make own food) Includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, molds Benefits: – Decomposers – Some are Delicious! – Used in cheeses, like blue cheese • Harms – Molds, etc – Some are parasites (ring worm) Plants • • • • • • Multicellular Have nucleus Make own food Roots to absorb moisture and nutrients Don’t move Benefits to humans – Produce oxygen – Food – Shelter, materials, medicine • Two categories of vascular (have stems) plants: – Gymnosperms – Angiosperms gymnosperms • Literally “naked seeds” • Conifers are main group of these – Pine trees – Produce pine cones – Cone shaped – evergreen • Evolved before angiosperms Angiosperms • Flowering plants • Most advanced • The flower’s ovary produces fruits which bear the seeds • Pollen + egg cell (inside ovary of flower) = seed Animals • Multicellular • All cells have nucleus • Get energy from outside sources (can’t make own food) • Move at some point in life • Everything from sponges to humans • Two main categories – Invertebrates – vertebrates invertebrates • • • • • • • Lack back bone Main categories, in order of evolution Sponges Jellyfish and anemones Worms (flat, round and segmented) Mollusks: slugs, octopi, snails and clams Spiny skinned: starfish, sand dollars, sea cucumbers, sea urchins • Arthropods: insects, crabs, spiders, scorpians, shrimp, lobsters vertebrates • • • • • • • • • Have a backbone Main categories, in evolutionary order: Jawless fish Cartilaginous fish Boney fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds mammals