Transcript Chemotherapeutic Index

Antimicrobial Chemotherapy.
Antibiotics. Drug Resistance of
Bacteria
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical University /
Department of microbiology
Chemotherapy and chemotherapeutic
agents
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapeutic agents
Antibiotics
Chemotherapeutic index
Development of chemotherapy
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Paul Erlich found that dye Trypan Red was active
against the trypanosome (causative agent of African
sleeping sickness) in 1904
In 1910 P. Erlich discovered the arsenical compounds
and one of their was active against the syphilis
spirochete (later was called Salvarsan)
Cherhard Domagk discovered sulfonamides (red
streptocide) that were effective for treatment of
streptococci and staphylococci infections in 1935
(Nobel Prize in 1939)
In 1929 A.Fleming got penicillin, a first antibiotic
In 1939 penicillin was produced and purified by
chemists H.Flory and E.Chain (A.Fleming, H.Flory and
E.Chain received the Nobel Prize in 1945)
Selman Waksman announced in 1944 that he had
found a new antibiotic streptomycin (he received Nobel
Prize in 1952)
Chemotherapeutic Index (CTI)
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Classification of chemotherapeutic agents
according to target (general microbial
group they act against)
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Antimicrobial drugs
Antiviral drugs
Antifungal drugs
Antiprotozoan drugs
Antitumoral drugs
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents
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Narrow-spectrum drugs
Broad-spectrum drugs
Specific-spectrum drugs (antituberculous,
antiviral, etc.)
Classification of chemotherapeutic agents
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Due to their total effect:
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With cidal action
With static action
Due to their manufacture :
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Natural
Semi synthetic
Synthetic
Chemical classification of CTD
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Heavy metal derivates
Sulfonamides
Diaminopyrimidins
Analogs of iso-nicotinic acid
Nitrofuran derivatives
Quinolones
Chinoxalines
Oxychinolones
Azoles
Metronidazole
Alkaloid preparations
Chinine derivate
Antibiotics
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According to origin antibiotics are subdivided
into next groups:
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Antibiotics produced by fungi.
Antibiotics produced by actinomycetes.
Antibiotics produced by bacteria
Plant antibiotics (phytoncides)
Animal antibiotics (lysozyme, interferons)
Mechanism of antibiotic action
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Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Protein synthesis inhibitors
Cell membrane disruptors
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Antibiotic action onto bacterial cell
Chemical antibiotics classification
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Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapinems
Monobactams
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Cycloserine
Antitumoral
antibiotics
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Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Chloramphenicol
Linezolid
Rifampin
Polymyxin
Polyenes
Chemical structure of β-lactams
Penicillin nucleus
Monobactam nucleus
Cephalosporin nucleus
Carbapenem nucleus
B-lactams influence onto bacterial
cell wall
Chemical structure of gentamicin
Chemical structure of chloramphenicol
Chemical structure of a tetracycline
Chemical structure of lincomycin
Action of aminoglycosides onto
protein synthesis
Determination of antimicrobial effectiveness
of chemotherapeutic agents
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Dilution susceptibility tests
Disk diffusion tests
E-tests
Accelerated tests
Broth dilution test
Disk diffusion test
Side effects of chemotherapy
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Allergic response
Toxic effects
Disbacteriosis
Inhibition of immune system
Embryotoxic action
Formation of the drug resistance
Resistance to antimicrobial drugs
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Natural
Acquired (mutation and genetic
recombination)