Transcript Eubacteria

Kingdom
Eubacteria
Eu = new or true
Parts of a bacterial cell
 Cell
wall (most have one thick cell wall
OR a double cell wall)
 Cell membrane
 Cytoplasm
 Nuclear material
 Capsule
 Flagella
Shape of bacterial cells
a)
Cocci - round
bacterial cells.
(cox-eye).
A
B
b) Bacilli - rodshaped bacterial
cells.
c) Spirilli
(corkscrew) spiral-shaped bacterial
cells
C
Names for bacteria shapes
Prefix
 Diplo-
means
two
 Staphlo-
cluster
 Strepto-
chain
Arrangement of bacteria
PAIRS

occur as single cells
or common groupings
such as chains,
uneven clusters, or
pairs, tetrads, octads
and other packets.
Branhamella catarrhalis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Nutrition in Eubacteria
1. Heterotrophic
 use food produced by other organisms
2. Saprotrophic
 feed on dead or decaying matter
3. Autotrophic
 make their own food
*the oldest living organisms on
Earth
*there is evidence that bacteria
without nuclei lived on earth 3.5
billion years ago,
Archaeo= ancient
Bacteria = a unicellular micro-organism
Basics
 consists
of three main phyla
 all are prokaryotes and unicellular
 Not a lot of organisms in this kingdom
 Prokaryotic
membrane
=an organism with NO nuclear
The 3 groups of Archaebacteria
1)
2)
3)
Methanogens
Extreme Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
1) Methanogens:
 *oxygen is a poison to
these bacteria
 *thrive in extreme
environments
 *They produce energy
by converting H2 and
CO2 into methane
gas.
geothermal springs (200 m below
ground)
Methanogens have been discovered in two
extreme environments on Earth

1) Buried under kilometres of ice in

Greenland
2) living in hot, dry desert soil.
Mars

Some scientists have
proposed that the
presence of methane
in the Martian
atmosphere may be
indicative of native
methanogens on that
planet

http://www.space.com/science
astronomy/051220_science_tu
esday.html
2) Extreme Halophiles
*these "salt-loving" bacteria live in
environments with a very high salt
concentration that would kill most other
bacteria.
*use salt to get energy
*Found in the Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake,
etc.
Colonies of “salty” bacteria built
this!!!


Shark bay, Australia.
rocky formations up to 1.5
meters high which were
built by colonies of
halophiles.
3) Thermoacidophiles


*Live in extremely hot
(110 C) and acidic (pH 2)
conditions. {The pH of
water is about 7}
Found in hot springs in
Yellowstone National
Park, in volcanic vents
on land, & in cracks on
the ocean floor that leak
scalding acidic water
Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In
Yellowstone National Park
A teaspoon of soil generally
contains between 100 million and
1 billion bacteria
Beneficial Bacteria
The overwhelming majority of
bacteria are completely harmless
5 types of friendly bacteria
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Nature’s recyclers
In our body
Food production
Oil spills
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
1) Saprotrophic Bacteria
Nature’s recyclers
*release nutrients back
into the environment
*man-made landscapes
often lack these good
bacteria
A scanning electron
micrograph of the aerobic
soil bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens.
The bacterium uses its
long, whiplike flagellae to
propel itself through the
water layer that surrounds
soil particles.
2) Our bodies:



Escherichia coli
is a normal resident of the
intestines in healthy
people
it helps us break down
food waste products
We pretty much depend
upon E. coli in our
intestines for our source
of Vitamin K and Bcomplex vitamins.
3) Food production
 Streptococcus
lactis bacteria convert milk
to cheese by causing the souring of milk
that begins the cheese making process,
 bacteria convert grapes to wine and then
wine to vinegar
 The name for this process is
FERMENTATION
Fermentation

A chemical process that occurs when bacteria
change sugar into various products
 It is a way that bacterial cells get energy without
using oxygen
Examples:
 Grapes----- Wine---------- Vinegar
 Milk -----Yogurt or cheese
 Cabbage ----- Sauerkraut
4) Oil spills

Naturally occurring,
oil-eating bacteria are
used in response to
crude oil spills

without causing
further harm to the
environment.
How do oil spills cause harm?
*Birds die from oil spills if
their feathers are covered
in oil. The bird will then
be poisoned because it
will try to clean itself.
*Oil may also cause the
death of an animal by
entering the animal’s
lungs or liver
More than half of the seal
pups living off the coast of
Mid-Norway are contaminated
with oil every spring
5) Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

some plants (peanuts, beans,
peas) have pockets of
bacteria in their roots
 can take Nitrogen from the air
and make it useful for plants
and animals by making the
soil fertile
 helps farmers save $ on
fertilizers
 plants use Nitrogen to make
needed proteins