Transcript Chapter 5 Marine Prokaryotes, Protists, and Fungi and

Chapter 5
Marine Prokaryotes, Protists,
Fungi and Plants
All are primary producers which are
capable of using light energy to perform
photosynthesis
Kingdom Monera
(Bacteria)
• Prokaryotic, single-celled
• 3 types of bacteria
– Heterotrophic
– Photosynthetic
– Chemosynthetic
Heterotrophic bacteria
• Obtain energy from other organisms
• Decomposers = decay bacteria
• Recycle essential nutrients
Autotrophic bacteria
• Make their own
organic compounds
1. Photosynthetic
2. Chemosynthetic:
release energy from
chemical compounds
such as H2S & CH4
Cyanobacteria
• Blue-green algae,
primitive plant-like
bacteria
• Phylum
Cyanobacteria
• First
photosynthetic
organisms on earth
Stromatolites
• Calcareous (fossil) mounds formed by
blue-green algae 3 b.y.a.
Red tides
• Some are caused by cyanobacteria
– Cause rashes on swimmers
Kingdom Protista
• Algae - aquatic,
photosynthetic
organisms
• Eukaryotic
• Single and multicellular
Diatoms
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Chrysophyta
•
•
•
•
Unicellular
Silica (glass) cell walls
Important Primary producers
Diatomaceous earth :
– Filters for swimming pools
– Temperature and sound insulators
– Abrasives (toothpaste)
Blooms
• Period of rapid diatom or
dinoflagellate reproduction
Dinoflagellates
Kingdom Protista
Phylum Pyrrophyta
•
•
•
•
Planktonic, unicellular
Almost all are marine
Red tides
Release toxins (Paralytic Shellfish
Poisoning) that are
concentrated by
shellfish
• Bioluminescence Noctiluca
Zooxanthellae
• Dinoflagellate that
lives in the tissue of
marine animals such
as corals, clams, etc.
• When Zooxanthellae
leave the corals, they
turn white = Coral
Bleaching
Foraminiferans
Radiolarians
Protozoans
• Simple, animal-like
protists
• Ingest food and are
photosynthetic
• Single-celled
• Foraminiferans have a shell or “test”
of CaCO3
• Radiolarians secrete shells of silica
Kingdom Fungi
• Multicellular
eukaryotic
• 500 marine species
• Decompose dead
organic matter
Kingdom Plantae
• Seaweeds (Macroalgae)
– All eukaryotic
– Lack true stems, leaves and roots
– Most are multicellular
• Challenges to Seaweeds
– Wave action and turbulence
– Competition for light and space
– Predators
Structure of Seaweed
• Thallus – complete plant
• Blades - leaf-like portion
• Pneumatocysts - gas
filled bladders (filled
w/CO2)
• Holdfast - root-like
structure (anchors)holds
on to bottom
• Stipe – stem
Phylum Chlorophyta
(Green algae)
Ulva
• Mostly freshwater
and terrestrial
• 10% of species are
marine
Phylum Phaeophyta
(Brown Algae)
• Almost all species are marine
• Sargassum (Sargasso seaweed)
• Macrocystis (Giant Kelp)
– plants grow up to 300 ft
– can grow 20”/day
– form kelp beds or kelp forests
– Harvested for Algin (used in cosmetics
and ice cream).
Phylum Rhodophyta
(Red Algae)
• Highest commercial value
• Fertilizer and animal feed
• Agar and carrageenan:
gelling and thickening
agents
• Coralline algae: have
calcium carbonate in cell
walls.
• Species: Nori (Porphyra),
Irish Moss