Transcript Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular
Organisms
Viruses
 Most abundant organism in ocean!
 Infect bacteria, algae, plants &
animals
 NON-LIVING (protein & nucleic acid)
 Requires living HOST to reproduce
 LYTIC & LYSOGENIC reproduction.
 PROKARYOTES (Bacteria)
 Unicellular
 Cell wall, no nucleus
 No Organelles
 Domain ARCHAEA
Kingdom Archaebacteria
 Bacteria that are chemosynthetic
 Found along thermal vents in ocean
depths
 Domain BACTERIA
Kingdom Eubacteria
 Bacteria that are photosynthetic or
heterotrophic (primarily decomposers)
 Example Cyanobacteria –
blue/green algae – contains
chlorophyll (Photosynthetic) and is a
nitrogen fixer (Heterocyst)
 Found in tide pools and estuaries,
and as epiphyte on sea grass
 Heterocyst

http://www-biol.paisley.ac.uk/bioref/Eubacteria/Anabaena.jpg
 Primary producers
 Create high-energy organic material
(sugars) from inorganic CO2, H2O and
other nutrients, using solar energy or
energy from inorganic chemical reactions.
 Factors limiting primary production:
 Light – photic zone is site of primary
production
 Photosynthetic pigments and accessory
pigments
 Inorganic nutrients – CO2, H2O and trace
elements (like nitrogen & phosphorus)
DOMAIN EUKARYOTA
Eukaryotic Marine Organisms
(have nucleus and organelles)
 Kingdom: Protista
 Phylum: Chrysophyta
(Silicoflagellates)
 single celled, eukaryote
 1 photosynthetic pigment = chlorophyll a
 Skeleton of SiO2 (silica=GLASS)
 Flagellates (some)
 Cold Temp water

http://www.glerl.noaa.gov/seagrant/GLWL/Algae/Chrysophyta/Images/OUDinobryon.JPG
 PHYLUM: HAPTOPHYTA
(Coccolithophores)
 Single celled, eukaryotes,
photosynthetic & heterotrophic
 Covered with small calcareous
(made of calcium
carbonate=limestone) plates called
coccoliths
 Found in warm and temperate
seas

http://pharyngula.org/images/coccolithophore.jpg
 PHYLUM: BACILLARIOPHYTA
(DIATOMS)
 Most abundant phytoplankton in
oceans
 Primarily in Cold Waters
 Non motile and some motile
 Unicellular
 Much larger size than first 3 phyla
 Cell wall = FRUSTULE – pectin &
95% silica (GLASS)
 Penate
 Centric
 Two parts to Frustule –
 Epitheca (top)
 Hypotheca (bottom)
 Has Chloroplasts with chlorophyll and
carotenoids
 Two shell forms
*Centric (radially symmetrical)
*Pennate (bilaterally symmetrical)
*** Raphe – groove on surface of pennate
frustule diatom enables movement
 Reproduction of Diatomes:
Asexual cellular division with a
slight reduction in size with each
division.
Auxospore- naked diatom (no
frustule) formed during Sexual
Reproduction
 Phylum :Dinoflagellata
(dinophytes, zooxanthellae)
 Unicellular, Eukaryotes
 Motile
 Photosynthetic & some Heterotrophs
 Reproduction= Blooms- cell
concentrations that color the water
 Toxic = RED TIDES found along East
Atlantic & Gulf Coasts, produce toxins that
paralyze, irritate lungs, toxic to fish
 Example: Pfiesteria

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/801/909372.JPG
 Dinoflagellates cont….
 BIOLUMINESCENT- produce
Luciferin that enables organisms to
Glow
 Some Symbiotic- Zooxanthellaeround, golden brown photosynthetic
organism that lives symbiotically
within some marine organisms
 Example: Corals
 Bioluminescent Red Tide
Protozoans- “Animal-like”
ProtistsKingdom Protista
 Phylum: Foraminifera (Forams)
 Covering of CaCO3 called a “TEST”
 Pseudopodia used for feeding &
movement
 Test form OOZE – “Calcareous OOZE”
 Ex. White Cliffs of Dover, England
 Egyptian Pyramid Blocks
Foraminifera
 Phylum: Polycystina
(Radiolarians)
“Test” of Silica (SiO2) GLASS
Spherical shape with radial
spines
Pseudopodia used for feeding
only
Tests for OOZE- Silaceous OOZE
Phylum :Ciliophora
(Tintinnids)
Ciliated
Epiphytes (grow on Plants)
“Test” called “Lorica”mucus trapped sand
particles
Tintinnids

http://www.aad.gov.au/asset/MME/images/T_lorica.jpg
 Special Adaptations of Plankton:
 Size- microscopic, therefore,
constantly bathed in nutrients,
making diffusion simple
 Sinking- more dense than water, but
have complex shapes that slow
sinking (increased surface area to
volume ratio). Some have gas or oil
inside Test to increase buoyancy.
 Protection- spines, horns, slime,
toxins, cyst formation
Kingdom - Fungi
 Multicellular, Eukaryotes
 500+ Species marine fungi
 Function:
 Decomposer
 Cause Disease in Algae & Animals
 Lichen- Symbiotic Realtionship of
Fungus + photosynthetic Algae on
Rocks in “Splash Zone” of Intertidal
 Marine LICHEN
STOP!

Marine Algae & Plants:
Benthic
Macroscopic & Multicellular
Photosynthetic
Algae sometimes classified
as Protista (more often
Plantae)
Marine Algae
 Kingdom- Protista
 Phylum (Division)
 Chlorophyta (Green Algae)
 Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)
 Rhodophyta (Red Algae)
Each Division is Characterized by
its photosynthetic pigments
Structures of Seaweeds:
 Lack TRUE Roots, Stems & Leaves
 Mature Algae have:
 Blade- flat, broad, leaf-like structure
 Contains photosynthetic cells
 Site of Sexual Reproduction
 NO veins, NO definite upper/lower surface
 Spongy layer in between surfaces-CO2
exchange occurs here
 Pneumatocysts- gas-filled floats attached
to Blade…gives buoyancy
 Stipe- flexible, stem-like, “shockabsorber” between wave-tossed
Blade & the Holdfast.
Cells transport products of
photosynthesis from the Blades
to other parts of the Seaweed by
simple Diffusion.
Thallus- entire blade/stipe of
plant where the 2 structures are
Holdfast- superficially
resembles the root
system of terrestrial
plants.
Functions as an ANCHOR ,
seldom absorbs nutrients
Haptera- short, root-like, fingerlike holdfasts.
Phylum Chlorophyta
(green algae)
 Most similar to terrestrial plants
 Chloroplasts very large
 Photosynthetic Pigments
 Chlorophyll A & B
 Habitat – 90% fresh, 10% marine
 Cell Wall - Cellulose
 Food Storage - Starch
 Example of Chlorophyta:
Ulva, Oedogonium, Spirogyra
 Economic/Ecologic Importance:
Primary Producers
Epiphytes- harmful to shellfish
BLOOMs- deplete O2 levels
Spores cause allergies
Phylum Rhodophyta
(red algae & coralline algae)
 DEEP water algae- pigments absorb
at deeper depths (200m)
 Photosynthetic Pigments- Chlorophyll
A & D, and Phycobilins
 Habitat- Marine Tropical & Subtropical
 Cell wall – AGAR, Carageenan &
Calcium carbonate
 Food Storage - Starch
 Ex. Corallina, Polysiphonia
 Economic/Ecologic Importance of Red
Algae:
 Use in fertilizers
 AGAR & Carageenan- used as
binders & thickeners in food &
medicine
 AGAR- used as growth medium in
Micobiology, and as Capsules for
pharmaceuticals
 Food- Sushi Wrap
Phylum Phaeophyta
(brown algae)
 LARGEST size algae (structurally
complex) – KELP
 Photosynthetic pigments- Chlorophyll A &
C, Fucoxanthin, Xanthophyll & Carotene
 Habitat- exclusively MARINE, found in
Cool (Temperate) waters
 Cell Wall- alginic acid & cellulose
 Food Storage- Laminarin, Fat & Oil
Algae Reproduction:
 Asexual- vegetative re-growth
(fragmentation or budding)
 Sexual – gametes (haploid egg &
sperm) formed during meiosis.
Fertilization occurs in the water, and a
zygote (diploid) is formed.
 Sexual reproduction involves
“Alternation of Generations”
 Alternation of Generations:
 Sporophyte (diploid) generationUndergoes Meiosis in BLADE and
forms haploid gametes (spores)
Spores germinate & grow into large
Gametophytes….
 Gametophyte (haploid) generationproduces gametes (haploid) by
Mitosis, which unite (fertilization) to
form a Sporophyte (diploid)
Marine Plants
 Kingdom- Plantae
 Division (Phylum) Anthophyta
 Charateristics: TRUE Leaves,
Stems, Roots & Flowers. Have
Veins to carry H2O and nutrients
 Examples: Sea Grasses, Salt
Marsh Plants & Mangroves
Sea Grasses
 Submergent communities
 Primarily Tropical & Subtropical
 Found near surface up to 10 m depth
 Halophytes
 Structures include stems, leaves,
roots, flowers and Rhizomes
 Reproduction- Sexual (pollination) &
Asexual (fragmentation)
 Economic/Ecological Importance:
 Food source for marine animals &
birds
 Rhizomes hold nutrients & organic
debris in place- enabling growth to
continue
Thalassia
Zostera
Phyllospadix
Turtle grass
Eel grass
Surf grass
Salt Marsh Plants
 Emergent plants
 Halophyte- has salt glands in leaf
that excretes excess salt
 Cool and Temperate Climate
Example: Spartina
Cord Grass
Mangroves
 Shrubby, tree-like plants creating thickets
of Tidal Woodlands called Mangals
 Tropical & Subtropical
 Plants supported by Prop Roots
 Reproduction- Seeds germinate on
branches, fall, & are carried by water.
Also, asexual fragmentation
 Factors affecting geographic distribution:
water & air temp, tidal amplitude, quantity
& quality of sunlight