Transcript Classifying Living Organisms - Kennesaw State University

Classifying Living Organisms
Domains and Kingdoms
Carolus Linnaeus’ Classification System
Swedish botanist (1707-1778)
Binomial Nomenclature –
two-part scientific name
 Genus species
Why Latin?
Latin was the language known
universally by the educated
Also used as a descriptor
Carolus Linneaus
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
species
Common Names for
Lutjanus griseus
 gray silk
 mangrove snapper
 mangrove pargue
 mango snapper
 pargue
 black pargue
 black snapper
 lawyer
 silk
 snapper
Avoiding common names
Cat
Gato
Koshka
Chien
 kitty
Cougar
Mountain Lion
Puma
Catamount
Panther
Classifying by Relationship
Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia
Phylum
Chordata Chordata Chordata
Class
Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia
Order
Carnivora Carnivora Carnivora
Family
Canidae Canidae Felidae
Genus
Canis
Canis
Felis
species
familiaris latrans
domesticus
Domains
6 Kingdoms of Living Things
Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Domain Archaea
or Kingdom Archaebacteria
Prokaryote
unicellular
Often do not need oxygen
Live in harsh environments; classified base on
where they live (such as thermal vents deep in
ocean, salt-lakes, acidic environments, some
even in ice!)
Domain or Kingdom: Bacteria
Prokaryote
unicellular
Often do need oxygen
Live and feed by decomposing other cells.
Some can do photosynthesis.
Cell walls made of peptidoglycan.
video
Baceria Shapes
1. Bacilli:
- Rod-shaped
2. Cocci:
- Spherical (round
like a coconut)
3. Spirilla:
- Long and spiral
shaped.
Heterotrophic Bacteria
1. Free-living consumers: E. coli
Azobacter converts initrogen into ammonium, making it available for plant use;
E. coli lives in your colon, feeds on your waste and makes vitamin K for you.
2. Parasitic: Always needs an organism to get food or
shelter (host):
Impetigo is caused by strains Staphylococcus aureus
or Streptococcus pyogenes.
3. Decomposers:
Pseudomonas bacteria in the soil recycles dead plants and animals
by turning them into minerals and nutrients that
plants and microbes can use.
Autotrophic Bacteria
Producers -> Use
sunlight to make food
and are often green.
Example:
 Cyanobacteria: Bluegreen algae
Lives in water
Has chlorophyll
(green pigment
for
photosynthesis)
Some others
have blue or red
pigment.
Domain Eukaryota
Eukaryote
Unicellular or multicellular
Includes Kingdom Animalia, KingdomPlantae,
Kingdom Fungi and Protista.
Protist Kingdoms
Eukaryote
Unicellular
Heterotroph or Autotroph
No cell walls in Protozoa
Protista includes
Protozoa of 4 main groups:
classified based on movement
Protista includes
several types of Algae and Seaweed
classified based on chemical criteria (PS pigments)
Kingdom Plantae
Eukaryote
multicellular
Autotrophs: Photosynthesis
Strong cell walls made of cellulose
4 Main Divisions of Plants
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryote
Multicellular or possibly unicellular
Heterotroph: absorb nutrients from
decomposing organisms
Cell walls made of protein (chitin), not
cellulose
video
Fungi are classified by how they
make SPORES
9 Major Animal Phyla
 Porifera (sponges)
 Cnidaria (jellyfish)
 Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
 Nematoda (roundworms)
 Annelida (segmentedworms)
 Mollusca (snails, clams, squid)
 Arthropoda (insects, crabs)
 Echinodermata (starfish)
 Chordata (vertebrates)
Kingdom Animalia
Eukaryote
multicellular
Heterotroph: eat other organisms
Cells lack cell walls
VIRUS: NOT A KINGDOM!!
What is a virus?
• Non-living particle, smaller than a cell that can infect living
organisms (hosts).
Structure of Virus:
•Capsid (Protein coat)
•Genetic Material
(DNA
or RNA)
How to Classify Viruses
1.
By their shape
2.
Type of disease they cause.
3.
Kind of genetic material they have (DNA,
RNA)
1.

Cylinders
Shapes:
Ex. Tobacco mosaic virus,
attacks tobacco plants.
2.
Spheres

Ex. Influenza virus
3.
Crystals
1.
Spacecraft

Ex. Polio Virus

- Attacks only bacteria.
Lytic
Cycle
 Process used by virus using a cell to make more of their kind.
Lysogenic Cycle
Are virus alive?
Don’t eat, grow, or break down food.
They are not made of cells.
They need a host cell to reproduce.
There is no cure, only a treatment.
Antibiotics DO NOT kill viruses
Antiviral medications only stop viruses from
reproducing.