Transcript Chapter 6
Climate, Terrestrial Biodiversity, and Aquatic Biodiversity G. Tyler Miller, Jr.’s Environmental Science 10th Edition Chapter 6 Key Concepts Factors influencing weather and climate Effect of climate on distribution of biomes Characteristics of major biome types Saltwater and freshwater life zones Human impacts on biosphere Blowing in the Wind Benefits of wind Hazards of wind “Red Tides” Volcanoes and climate Everything is connected Fig. 6-1, p. 106 Weather and Climate What is weather? How meteorologists predict weather What is climate? Factors Associated with Climate Temperature Precipitation Uneven heating Seasons Earth’s rotation Properties of air and water Fig. 6-2 p. 107 Global Climatic Zones Polar (ice) Warm temperate Highland Warm ocean current Subarctic (snow) Dry Major upwelling zones Cold ocean current Cool temperate Tropical River Fig. 6-3, p. 108 Seasons Fig. 6-4 p. 108 Global Air Circulation And Biomes Fig. 6-8, p. 107 Fig. 6-5, p. 109 Shore Upwelling Movement of surface water Wind Diving birds Fish Upwelling Zooplankton Phytoplankton Nutrients Fig. 6-6, p. 110 El Niño-Southern Oscillation: ENSO Fig. 6-7, p. 110 Global Climatic Effects of ENSO El Niño Drought Unusually high rainfall Unusually warm periods Fig. 6-8, p. 111 Greenhouse Effect Fig. 6-9, p. 111 Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse gases Human impact Global warming Impacts of global warming Ozone Layer Located in stratosphere UV protection Decline in ozone Consequences of ozone decline Microclimates Rain shadow effect Cities Land-ocean interactions a Winds carry moisture inland from Pacific Ocean b Clouds, rain on windward side of mountain range c Rain shadow on leeward side of mountain range Dry habitats Moist habitats Fig. 6-10, p. 112 Biomes Climatic effects on biomes Not uniform “Mosaic of patches” Effects of latitude and altitude Earth’s Major Biomes Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Temperate deciduous forest Temperate grassland Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Desert Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical savanna, thorn forest Semidesert, arid grassland Mountains (complex zonation) Ice Fig. 6-11, p. 113 Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome Type Fig. 6-12, p. 114 Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomes Altitude Mountain Ice and snow Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Coniferous Forest Latitude Deciduous Forest Tropical Forest Tropical Forest Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses) Polar ice and snow Fig. 6-13, p. 114 Biomes: Climate and Life Desert biomes Grassland biomes Forest biomes Mountain biomes Aquatic biomes Deserts What is a desert? Tropical deserts Temperate deserts Cold deserts Semideserts Unique properties of desert life Temperate Desert Ecosystem Red-tailed hawk Gambel's quail Yucca Jack rabbit Collared lizard Agave Prickly pear cactus Roadrunner Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling beetle Bacteria Fungi Kangaroo rat Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 6-14, p. 115 Major Human Impacts on Deserts Large desert cities Soil destruction by vehicles and urban development Soil salinization from irrigation Depletion of underground water supplies Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction Storage of toxic and radioactive Wastes Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity Fig. 6-15, p. 116 Grasslands Effects of drought, herbivores and fires Savanna Grazers and browsers Prairies Veldt Tundra and permafrost Grazing Animals of the African Savanna (Dry and Moist Grasslands) Cape buffalo Wildebeest Beisa oryx Topi Warthog Thompson's gazelle Dry Grassland Waterbuck Grant's zebra Moist Grassland Fig. 6-16a, p. 117 Grazing Animals of the African Savanna (Scrub and Forest Lands) Giraffe African elephant Gerenuk Black rhino Dik-dik East African eland Dry Thorn Scrub Blue duiker Greater kudu Bushbuck Riverine Forest Fig. 6-16b, p. 117 Temperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem Golden eagle Pronghorn antelope Coyote Grasshopper sparrow Grasshopper Blue stem grass Prairie dog Bacteria Fungi Prairie coneflower Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Fig. 6-17, p. 118 Replacing Temperate Grassland with Farms DO NOT POST TO INTERNET Fig. 6-18, p. 119 Human Impacts on Grasslands Conversion of savanna and temperate grassland to cropland Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and vehicles Fig. 6-19, p. 119 Forests What is a forest? Tropical forests Broadleaf evergreen plants Deciduous forests Evergreen coniferous (boreal) forests Muskegs Coastal forests Harpy eagle Blue and gold macaw Ocelot Squirrel monkeys Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem Climbing monstera palm Slaty-tailed trogon Katydid Green tree snake Tree frog Ants Bromeliad Fungi Bacteria Producer to primary consumer Fig. 6-20, p. 120 Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Stratification of Niches: Tropical Rain Forest 45 Fig. 6-21, p. 121 Harpy eagle 40 Height (meters) 35 Emergent layer Toco toucan Canopy 30 25 20 Understory Wooly opossum 15 10 Brazilian tapir 5 Black-crowned antpitta 0 Shrub layer Ground layer Broad-winged hawk Hairy woodpecker Temperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem Gray squirrel White oak White-footed mouse White-tailed deer Metallic Metallic woodboring beetle wood-boring and larvae beetle and Shagbark hickory May beetle Fungi Long-tailed weasel Producer to primary consumer Racer Wood frog Bacteria Fig. 6-22, p. 122 Mountain winterberry Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Great horned owl Blue jay Evergreen Coniferous (Boreal or Taiga) Forest Ecosystem Marten Balsam fir Moose White spruce Wolf Bebb willow Pine sawyer beetle and larvae Snowshoe hare Fungi Starflower Bunchberry Bacteria Fig. 6-23, p. 123 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Human Impacts on Forests Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations Fig. 6-24, p. 124 Mountains What is a mountain? Ecological importance of mountains “Islands of biodiversity” Climate regulation Mountain glaciers and affects on sea level Hydrologic cycle Human impacts on mountains Human Impacts on Mountains Landless poor migrating uphill to survive Timber extraction Mineral resource extraction Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing) Air pollution from industrial and urban centers Increased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletion Fig. 6-25, p. 124 Aquatic Environments: Types and Characteristics Aquatic life zones Saltwater (marine) systems Freshwater systems The Aquatic World Lakes Rivers Coral reefs Mangroves Fig. 6-26, p. 125 Organisms in Aquatic Life Zones Plankton Nekton Benthos Decomposers Factors Limiting Life with Water Depths Temperature Sunlight (photosynthesis; euphotic zone) Dissolved oxygen Nutrients (net primary productivity) Saltwater (Marine) Life Zones Open ocean Coastal zone Estuaries Coastal wetlands Mangroves Intertidal zones (shores) Coral reefs The Ocean Planet Ocean hemisphere Land-ocean hemisphere Fig. 6-27, p. 126 Marine Biodiversity Cobia Hogfish Kelp Pacific sailfish Carrageen Moray Red snapper Yellow jack Red algae Batfish Striped drum Sea lettuce Bladder kelp Angelfish Orange roughy Chinook salmon Devilfish Porcupine fish Great barracuda Laminaria Sockeye salmon Grouper Dulse Chilean sea bass Fig. 6-28, p. 126 Marine Systems Natural Capital: Marine Systems Ecological Services Economic Services • Climate moderation • Food • CO2 absorption • Animal and pet feed (fish meal) • Nutrient cycling • Pharmaceuticals • Waste treatment and dilution • Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands) • Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species • Genetic resources and biodiversity • Harbors and transportation routes • Coastal habitats for humans • Recreation • Employment • Offshore oil and natural gas • Minerals © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning Fig. 6-29, p. 127 • Scientific information • Building materials Ocean Zones Coastal Zone Open Sea Sea level Depth in meters 0 50 Euphotic Zone Estuarine Zone 100 Continental shelf 200 500 Bathyal Zone 1,000 Photosynthesis Sun Twilight High tide Low tide 1,500 2,000 3,000 4,000 Fig. 6-30, p. 128 © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning 5,000 10,000 Darkness Abyssal Zone Sediment Plume in an Estuary DO NOT POST TO INTERNET Figure 6-31, p. 128 Peregrine falcon Herring gulls Snowy egret Cordgrass Short-billed dowitcher Salt Marsh Ecosystem Marsh periwinkle Phytoplankton Smelt Zooplankton and small crustaceans Soft-shelled clam Clamworm Bacteria Fig. 6-32, p. 129 Producer to primary consumer Primary to secondary consumer Secondary to higher-level consumer All producers and consumers to decomposers Rocky Shore Beach Sea star Hermit crab Shore crab High tide Periwinkle Sea urchin Anemone Mussel Low tide Sculpin Barnacles Kelp Sea lettuce Monterey flatworm Nudibranch Fig. 6-33a, p. 130 Barrier Beach Beach flea Tiger beetle Peanut worm Blue crab Clam Dwarf olive High tide Sandpiper Silversides Mole shrimp Low tide White sand macoma Sand dollar Ghost shrimp Moon snail Fig. 6-33b, p. 130 Primary and Secondary Beach Dunes Ocean Beach Primary Dune Intensive recreation, no building Trough Secondary Dune No direct Limited passage recreation or building and walkways Grasses or shrubs No direct passage or building Taller shrubs Back Dune Bay or Lagoon Most suitable for development Intensive recreation Bay shore No filling Taller shrubs and trees Fig. 6-34, p. 131 Coral Reefs Fig. 6-35, p. 132 Major Threats to Coral Reefs Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers Fig. 6-36, p. 133 Human Impacts on Marine Systems Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed Fig. 6-37, p. 133 Freshwater Life Zones Standing water Flowing water Fig. 6-40, p. 135 Freshwater Biodiversity Bluegill Brook trout White waterlily White bass Bulrush Muskellunge Rainbow darter Water lettuce Bowfish Water hyacinth Bladderwort Largemouth black bass Black crappie White sturgeon Yellow perch Velvet cichlid American smelt Walleyed pike Eelgrass Longnose gar Common piranha Carp Channel catfish Egyptian white lotus African lungfish Fig. 6-38, p. 134 Freshwater Systems Ecological Services Natural Capital: Freshwater Systems Economic Services • Climate moderation • Food • Nutrient cycling • Drinking water • Waste treatment and dilution • Irrigation water • Hydroelectricity • Flood control • Groundwater recharge • Transportation corridors • Recreation • Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species • Employment • Genetic resources and biodiversity © 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning • Scientific information Fig. 6-39, p. 135 Life Zones in Lakes Littoral zone Limnetic zone Profundal zone Benthic zone Nutrients in Lakes: Oligotrophic Fig. 6-41a, p. 136 Nutrients in Lakes: Eutrophic Fig. 6-41b, p. 136 Stream Systems Runoff Watershed Drainage basin Floodplain Fig. 6-42, p. 136 Inland Wetlands Importance of Wetlands Types: Marshes Swamps Prairie potholes Floodplains Bogs and fens Tundra Seasonal Human Impacts on Freshwater Systems Dams, diversions and canals Flood control levees and dikes Wetland destruction Sustainability of Aquatic Life Zones Pollution Natural renewal Ecology: “Everything is connected”