Transcript Day 2: Biomes and Climate

ChemCatalyst: Sept 8,
Tuesday
Construct a food web for
forest ecosystem
■ Be sure to include
three producers, two
primary consumers,
two secondary
consumers and at
least one apex
consumer.
ChemCatalyst: Sept 9,
Wednesday
What is the apex consumer
in forest food web?
ChemCatalyst: Sept 15, Tuesday
What does “diversity” mean
in relation to AP ES?
What does “richness” mean?
What about “evenness” and
“dominance”?
Day 2: Biomes &
Climate
The Earth Has Many Different Climates
•
•
Weather –local areas short term condition of the
atmosphere.
Climate – average atmospheric conditions measured
over a long period of time
Wind, Climate, and Biomes
○
Wind
○
○
Indirect form of solar
energy,
Carries heat, moisture,
plant nutrients, soil
particles and long
lived air pollutants
Dust blown from West Africa – soil nutrients
in Amazonian rain forests, toxic air pollutants
in the US
Warm, less
salty, shallow
current
Cold, salty,
deep current
Connected Deep and Shallow ocean currents
Fig. 7-5, p.
Micro-Climates
Heat is absorbed and released
more slowly by water than by
land. Creates land and sea
breezes
• World’s oceans and large lakes
moderate weather and climate
•
Effect of earth’s surface features
Mountains-interrupt flow of
prevailing winds and movement of
storms
• Rain
shadow effect
Prevailing winds
pick up moisture
from an ocean.
On the windward side
of a mountain range,
air rises, cools, and
releases moisture.
On the leeward side of
the mountain range, air
descends, warms, and
releases little moisture.
Rain Shadow Effect
Effect of earth’s surface features (cont)
Cities -Microclimates bricks, concrete,
asphalt absorb and hold heat and buildings
block wind flow. Cars release large amount
of pollutants. More haze and smog, higher
temperatures and lower wind speeds
Climate Affects Where Organisms
Can Live
•
Major biomes: large terrestrial regions
characterized by similar climate, soil, plants and
animals.
•
Latitude and elevation
•
Annual precipitation
•
Temperature –tropical, temperate, polar
The Earth’s Major Biomes
Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate
and Biomes
Elevation
Mountain ice
and snow
Tundra (herbs,
lichens, mosses)
Coniferous
Forest
Deciduous
Forest
Tropical
Forest
Latitude
Tropical
Forest
Deciduous
Forest
Coniferous
Forest
Tundra
(herbs,
lichens,
Polar ice
and snow
Fragile
Ecosystem
–
–
–
–
Slow plant
growth
Low species
diversity
Slow nutrient
recycling
Lack of water
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-11, p.
Tropical: Savanna
Temperate: Prairie
& Stepp
Cold - arctic tundra:
permafrost, very
fragile biome
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-12, p.
Temperate Shrub land: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
○
Chaparral
○
Near the sea: nice climate
○
Prone to fires in the dry season
Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
Near the sea: nice climate, prone to fires in the dry
season
○ California, Around the Mediterranean, South Africa,
Chile
○
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-14, p.
○
Tropical rain forests
○
○
○
○
○
Temperature and moisture
Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches
Little wind: significance
Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients
Impact of human activities
○
Temperate deciduous forests
○
○
○
○
Temperature and moisture
Broad-leaf trees
Slow rate of decomposition: significance
Impact of human activities
•
Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas
–
–
–
•
•
Temperature and moisture
Few species of cone: bearing trees
Slow decomposition: significance
Coastal coniferous forest
Temperate rain forests
Stratification
45
40
Emergent
layer
Harpy
eagle
35
Toco
toucan
30
Canopy
Height
(meters)
25
20
15
Under
story
Wooly
opossum
10
5
0
Black-crowned
antpitta
Brazilian
tapir
Shrub
layer
Ground
layer
Fig. 7-17, p.