Transcript Cell Cycle and Cancer

Cell Cycle and Cancer
STUDY GUIDE REVIEW
1.
A.
B.
C.
D.
In which person would cell division occur the fastest?
A 10 year old person
A 30 year old person
A 50 year old person
All of the above
True or False: Under normal conditions, when a cell
reproduces, it creates two new cells with DNA that are
slightly different from the original cell.
A: False
2.
3. How do cancer cells affect organs and tissue?
A. They alter tissue structure.
B. They stop other cells from dividing.
C. They kill surrounding cells.
D. A and C.
Explain the process of how tissues replenish their cell
through the new cell cycle.
A: Cells replenish themselves through a process called the
cell cycle. The cycle can be broken down into four
phases: the G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G1
phase, the cell grows in size. Once the cell has grown in
size, the S phase begins. In the S phase, the cell makes
exact copies of its DNA. Next the G2 phase starts.
Little activity occurs during this stage. Finally, the cell
enters the M phase, or mitosis. During this phase, the
cell’s chromosomes are divided into two exact copies.
New nuclear membranes are created and the cell
divides into two new cells.
4.
5. True or False: Cells undergoing the process of
Mitosis are considered to be in Interphase.
A: False
6. How does cancer affect cells in the body?
A: It removes cells’ ability to regulate cell cycle.
Cells are organized differently into each organ of the
body. Explain why organization of cells is important to
the function of the cell. You may want to use an
example of an organ to answer your question.
A: The cells of an organ are organized into tissues. These
tissues are used to perform specific functions for the
organ. For example, in the skin, the epidermal tissue is
composes of closely packed cells that serve as a
protective barrier between external environment and
the body. The dermis serves to contain connective
tissue and blood vessels needed to maintain the
integrity of the epidermis. The subcutaneous layer
contains fat cells important in keeping us warm.
7.
True or False: Cells in the same organ can be different
in size and shape from each other.
A: True
8.
9.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The cell below is going through Mitosis. What will be
the next step in the cell division process?
Spindle fibers will disappear.
The cell will divide into daughter cells.
Nuclear membranes will form around the chromatids.
The chromatids will separate and move down the
spindle fibers.
10. The cell in a tissue has just finished growing. It has
A.
B.
C.
D.
now begun the process of making copies of each of
its chromosomes. Based on the information given,
decide which phase of the cell cycle the cell is
currently in.
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
M phase
11. Explain what metastases are and why it is
dangerous.
A: Metastases occurs when a cancerous cell breaks
free from a tumor. When this happens, the cell can
travel throughout the body. This is dangerous
because the cell can reach other parts of the body
and form new tumors, spreading the cancer.
12. What do cells use to control their process of cell
A.
B.
C.
D.
division?
Amino acids
Nucleic acids
Chromosomes
Proteins
13.
A.
B.
C.
D.
How does cancer affect cells in the body?
It causes them to die.
It removes the cell’s ability to regulate the cell cycle.
It destroys the cells’ DNA.
All of the above.
14. Define cancer.
A: Cancer is a group of diseases that involve the
uncontrolled cell division of body cells.
15. How does cancer begin?
A: It begins with a damaged portion of the DNA in a
chromosome. This damage causes a change called
a mutation. Cancer begins when mutations disrupt
the normal cell cycle, causing cells to divide in an
uncontrolled way.
16. What is a tumor? How does it develop?
A: A tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that develops
when cancerous cells divide and grow
uncontrollably.
17. What is the leading type of cancer in both men and
women in the U.S.?
A: Lung Cancer
18. Describe the three ways to treat cancer.
A: Surgery-when doctors completely remove a
cancerous tumor. Radiation-beams of high-energy
waves that are used when surgery cannot remove
the entire tumor or the tumor spread. Drugs:
chemotherapy, which is a drug that is spread
throughout the body and kills cancer cells or slows
their growth.
19. What are some of the new ways that scientists are looking at
to treat cancer?
A: Discover how the cell cycle is controlled and stop blood flow
to tumors.
2o. What is the number one cause of lung cancer?
A: Smoking
21. What are some ways that a person can lower their risk of
getting some types of cancer?
A: Eating fruits, vegetables, and grain products can help lower a
person’s risk of some types of cancer. Exercising and not
smoking can also reduce a person’s risk for cancer.
22. What is chemotherapy?
A: Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to kill cancer
cells. It is a drug that is spread throughout the
body and kills cancer cells or slows their growth.
23. What are stem cells? How can they be used?
A: Stem cells are cells that have the potential to
become any kind of cell: heart, lung, nerve, skin,
and many others. It is used in bone marrow
transplants and to help people with severe
Parkinson’s Disease.
24. Why is asbestos dangerous?
A: Asbestos can cause lung cancer when inhaled.
25. What did Percivall Pott observe about the relationship
between skin cancer and soot?
A: Pott observed more skin cancers in the chimney sweeps,
who were covered with soot, than in the rest of the
population.
26. What is adenocarcinoma?
A: A form of lung cancer.
27. What is mitosis?
A: M phase; the final phase of the cell cycle in which the
sister chromatids produced in the S phase are
separated and cell division occurs.
28. Define tissue.
A: A group of organized cells that share a common
structure and function.
29. Define organ.
A: A group of tissues that work together to perform a
specific set of functions for the organism.
30. What is the difference between a chromosome and
a chromatid?
A: A chromosome is a structure in the nucleus of the
cell containing two chromatids. A chromatid is one
double stranded DNA molecule complexed with
proteins.