Transcript Cancer - Cengage Learning

CHAPTER
OUTLINE
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Chapter 11
A Healthy Lifestyle
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
A Healthy Lifestyle
Improving the quality, and most likely the
length of life is a matter of personal choice
Enhancing physical fitness alone is not
sufficient to lower the risk for disease and
ensure better health
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
Wellness: The
constant and
deliberate effort to
stay healthy and
achieve the highest
potential for wellbeing; it integrates
seven dimensions
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Wellness Lifestyle
To enjoy a wellness lifestyle, a person has to
practice behaviors that will lead to positive
outcomes in the seven dimensions of
wellness: physical, emotional, mental, social,
environmental, occupational, and spiritual
These dimensions are interrelated; one
dimension frequently affects the others
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Lifestyle Habits to Live
Healthier and Longer
Be physically active
Do not use tobacco
Eat a healthy diet
Maintain recommended body
weight
Sleep 7 to 8 hours each night
Decrease stress levels
Drink alcohol moderately or
not at all
Surround yourself with
healthy relationships
Be informed about the
environment and avoid
environmental risk factors
Take personal safety
measures
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Spiritual Well-Being
Spirituality provides a sense of meaning and direction
in life, a relationship to a higher being, freedom,
prayer, faith, love, closeness to others, peace, joy,
fulfillment, and altruism
Prayer: sincere and humble communication with a
higher power
Altruism: true concern for and action on behalf of
others (doing good for others is good for oneself,
especially the immune system)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Causes of Death in the U.S.
The leading causes of death in the U.S. are
cardiovascular disease (38%), cancer (23%),
chronic lower respiratory disease (5%), and
accidents (4%)
More than 60% are caused by cardiovascular
disease and cancer and about 80% of these
deaths are preventable through a healthy
lifestyle program
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Actual Causes of
Death in the U.S.
Tobacco
435,000
Poor diet/inactivity 400,000
Alcohol
85,000
Microbial infections 75,000
Toxic agents
55,000
Motor vehicles
43,000
Firearms
29,000
Sexual behaviors
20,000
Drugs
17,000
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
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Consumer
The top three
causes of death in
the U.S.—
tobacco use, poor
diet and inactivity,
and alcohol
abuse—
are responsible
for 920,000
deaths
each year
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cardiovascular Diseases
Any disease that affects the heart and the
blood vessels
Cardiovascular disease is the number one
health problem in the U.S.
About 20% of the U.S. population has some
form of cardiovascular disease
More than 60% of the people who die of heart
disease die suddenly and unexpectedly
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Critical Thinking
What are your feelings about
your own risk for diseases of
the cardiovascular system?
Is this something that you
need to concern yourself
with at this point in your life?
Why or why not?
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
The major form of cardiovascular disease
In CHD the arteries that supply the heart with
oxygen and nutrients are narrowed by fatty
deposits such as cholesterol and triglycerides
Narrowing of the coronary arteries diminishes
blood supply to the heart muscle, which can
precipitate a heart attack
The Heart and Its Blood Vessels
11.5
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
CHD accounts for 20% of all deaths and half of all
cardiovascular deaths
More than half of the people who died suddenly from
CHD had no previous symptoms
80% of deaths from CHD in people under age 65
occur during the first heart attack
The risk of death is greater in the least educated
segment of the population
Almost all risk factors are preventable and reversible
The individual can reduce risk by participating in a
healthy lifestyle program
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Major CHD Risk Factors
Physical inactivity
High blood pressure
High body mass index
Low HDL cholesterol
High LDL cholesterol
Elevated triglycerides
Elevated homocysteine
Inflammation
Diabetes
Abnormal
electrocardiogram (ECG)
Tobacco use
Stress
Personal and family
history
Age
Gender
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Physical Inactivity
Increasing physical activity reduces the overall risk for
heart disease
Improves aerobic
endurance
Decreases blood
pressure
Reduces body fat
Lowers blood lipids
Improves HDL cholesterol
Helps control diabetes
Increases and maintains
good heart function
Motivates toward smoking
cessation
Alleviates tension and
stress
Counteracts a personal
history of heart disease
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
Blood pressure: A measure
of the force exerted against
the walls of the vessels by
the blood flowing through
them
Systolic blood pressure:
Pressure exerted by the
blood against the walls of the
arteries during the forceful
contraction (systole) of the
heart; higher of the two
numbers in blood pressure
readings
Diastolic blood pressure:
Pressure exerted by the
blood against the walls of the
arteries during the relaxation
phase (diastole) of the heart;
lower of the two numbers in
blood pressure readings
Hypertension: Chronically
elevated blood pressure
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
High Blood Pressure
The “silent killer”
A blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg
Approximately 20% of Americans are
hypertensive
High blood pressure is a risk factor for
CHD, congestive heart failure, strokes,
kidney failure, and osteoporosis
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
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Consumer
Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Increase physical activity
Weight control
A low-salt/low-fat and high potassium/highcalcium diet
Limit alcohol and caffeine intake
Smoking cessation
Stress management
Medication
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Hypertension & Exercise
Hypertensive people who are physically active
have a lower risk of mortality from all causes
than inactive individuals with normal blood
pressure
The death rates for unfit individuals with low
systolic blood pressure are much higher than
for highly fit people with high systolic blood
pressure
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Effects of Aerobic Exercise
on Blood Pressure
An individual can expect exercise-induced
reductions of approximately 3 to 5 mm Hg
in resting systolic and diastolic blood
pressures (both through aerobic exercise
and strength training)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Excessive Body Fat (Obesity)
Recognized as an independent risk factor
for CHD
A BMI of 30 or higher recognized as a
major risk factor for coronary heart
disease
Risk factors such as high blood lipids,
hypertension, and diabetes usually
improve with weight loss and increased
physical activity
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Abnormal Cholesterol Profile
Blood lipids are carried in the bloodstream by
molecules of protein known as
High density lipoproteins (HDLs)
Low density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)
Chylomicrons
Standards for Blood Lipids
11.2
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
High-density
lipoproteins (HDLs):
Cholesterol-transporting
molecules in the blood
(“good” cholesterol) that
help clear cholesterol
from the blood
Low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs):
Cholesterol transporting
molecules in the blood
(“bad” cholesterol) that
tend to increase blood
cholesterol
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HDL Cholesterol
HDL cholesterol acts as a “scavenger,”
removing cholesterol from the body and
preventing plaque from forming in the arteries
For the most part, HDL cholesterol is
determined genetically
Generally, women have higher levels than
men up to menopause (estrogen tends to
raise HDL)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Ways to Increase
HDL Cholesterol
Habitual aerobic exercise
(> 6 METs, 3 times/week for 20 min/session)
Weight loss (if necessary)
Niacin supplementation
Quitting smoking
Drug therapy
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
LDL Cholesterol
Tends to release cholesterol, which then may
penetrate the lining of the arteries and speed
up the process of atherosclerosis
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Ways to Lower LDL Cholesterol
Participate in a regular aerobic exercise program
Lose body fat (if necessary)
Choose a diet low in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol
Replace saturated with unsaturated fats (saturated fat
consumption should be under 7% of the total daily
caloric intake)
Limit dietary cholesterol consumption to less than 200
mg per day
Consume 25 to 38 grams of fiber per day, including a
minimum of 10 grams of soluble fiber
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Ways to Lower LDL Cholesterol
Consume 25 grams of soy protein a day
Consume red meats fewer than three times per week,
consume no organ meats (liver, kidneys)
Eat fish instead of red meat
Do not eat commercially baked foods
Avoid foods that contain transfatty acids, hydrogenated
fat, or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
Drink low-fat milk (1% or less) and choose low-fat dairy
products
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Ways to Lower LDL Cholesterol
Limit egg consumption to less than 3 eggs per week
Bake, broil, grill, poach, or steam food instead of frying
Refrigerate cooked meat before adding to other dishes;
remove fat hardened in the refrigerator before mixing
meat with other foods
Avoid fatty sauces made with butter, cream, or cheese
Consider drug therapy if the above fail to decrease LDL
cholesterol
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Elevated Triglycerides
Also known as free fatty acids
Contribute to atherosclerosis
Are carried in the bloodstream primarily by
very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and
chylomicrons
Found in poultry skin, lunch meats, and
shellfish
Manufactured mainly in the liver, from refined
sugars, starches, and alcohol
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Ways to Lower Triglycerides
Cut down on high-triglyceride foods
Decrease overall fat consumption
Quit smoking
Reduce weight (if necessary)
Participate in aerobic exercise
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Homocysteine
Clinical data indicates that many heart attack
and stroke victims have normal cholesterol
levels
Homocysteine is an intermediate amino acid
in the interconversion of two other amino
acids: methionine and cysteine
This interconversion requires the B vitamin
folate (folic acid) and vitamins B6 and B12
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Homocysteine
Homocysteine accumulation may:
Cause damage to the inner lining of the arteries
Stimulate the proliferation of cells that contribute to
plaque formation
Encourage clotting, which may completely obstruct
an artery
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Homocysteine
A large number of people have high blood
levels of homocysteine due to a
Genetic inability to metabolize homocysteine
Deficiency in the vitamins required for its
conversion
Five servings of fruits and vegetables daily
can provide sufficient levels of folate and
vitamin B6 to remove and clear homocysteine
from blood
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Homocysteine
Vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal flesh
and animal products
Vitamin B12 deficiency is rarely a problem
(1 cup of milk or an egg provides the daily
requirement)
The body recycles most of this vitamin, thus, a
deficiency takes years to develop
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Inflammation
Scientists are looking at inflammation as a
major risk factor for heart attacks
Low-grade inflammation can occur in a variety
of places throughout the body
For years it has been known that
Inflammation plays a role in CHD
Inflammation hidden deep in the body is a common
trigger of heart attacks, even when cholesterol
levels are normal or low and arterial plaque is
minimal
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
A protein whose blood levels increase
with inflammation
Physicians have turned to CRP to evaluate ongoing
inflammation in the body
People with elevated CRP are more prone to
cardiovascular events
The risk of a heart attack is even higher in people with
both elevated CRP and cholesterol, resulting in an
almost 9-fold increase in risk
11.3
Homocysteine Guidelines
Relationships among
C-Reactive Protein and
Cholesterol and Risk of
Cardiovascular Disease
The hs-CRP (for high-sensitivity
CRP) test is used to measure
inflammation in the blood
vessels
11.7
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
C-Reactive Protein
Levels decrease with statin drugs
Also helpful are exercise, weight loss, proper
nutrition, and aspirin
Omega-3 fatty acids inhibit proteins that
cause inflammation
Excessive intake of alcohol and high protein
diets increase CRP
Aspirin therapy may also help control
inflammation
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
A condition in which blood glucose is unable to enter
the cells because
The pancreas totally stops producing insulin
The pancreas does not produce enough to meet
the body’s needs
The cells develop insulin resistance
The role of insulin is to “unlock” the cell to escort
glucose into the cell
Diabetes affects more than 17 million people in the U.S.
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
People with chronically elevated blood
glucose levels may have problems
metabolizing fats, which can make them more
susceptible to
Atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart
attacks, high blood pressure, and strokes
Diabetics also have lower HDL cholesterol
and higher triglyceride levels
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
An 8-hour fasting blood glucose level above
126 mg/dl on two separate tests confirms a
diagnosis of diabetes
A level of 126 or higher should be brought to
the attention of a physician
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
Type 1 Diabetes:
Insulin-dependent
diabetes (IDDM)
Also called juvenile
diabetes
The pancreas produces
little or no insulin
Type 2 Diabetes: Noninsulin-dependent
diabetes (NIDDM)
The pancreas either does
not produce sufficient
insulin or it produces
adequate amounts but
cells become insulinresistant
Accounts for 90 to 95% of
all diabetes cases
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
Although diabetes has a genetic predisposition, type 2
is related to
Overeating, obesity, and lack of physical activity
Once limited primarily to overweight adults
Now accounts for almost half of new cases in children
More than 80% of all type 2 diabetics are overweight
or have a history of excessive weight
In most cases, type 2 can be corrected through
Diet, weight loss, and regular exercise
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
Both moderate and vigorous physical activity
are associated with increased insulin
sensitivity and decreased risk for diabetes
The key to increase and maintain proper
insulin sensitivity is regularity of the exercise
program
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Diabetes
A healthy diet is beneficial
High in complex carbohydrates and water-soluble
fibers (found in fruits, vegetables, oats, and beans)
Low in saturated fat and sugar
Aggressive weight loss, especially if combined
with exercise, often allows diabetic patients to
normalize blood sugar level without the use of
medication
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Metabolic Syndrome
As cells resist insulin’s action, the pancreas releases
even more insulin in an attempt to keep blood glucose
from rising
A chronic rise in insulin appears to trigger a series of
abnormalities referred to as metabolic syndrome or
syndrome X
These abnormal conditions include
Low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, an
increased blood clotting mechanism, and high
blood pressure
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
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Consumer
Metabolic Syndrome
Syndrome X people should distribute daily caloric
intake so that
45% of the calories are derived from carbohydrates
(primarily low-glycemic)
40% from fat (30 to 35% mono- and polyunsaturated
fats, and 5 to 10% saturated fat)
15% from protein
Syndrome X patients also benefit from
Weight loss (if overweight)
Exercise
Smoking cessation
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Provides a record of the
electrical impulses that stimulate the heart to contract
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Stress Electrocardiogram
Also known as a graded
exercise stress test or a
maximal exercise
tolerance test
A stress ECG reveals
the tolerance of the
heart to increased
physical activity
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
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Consumer
Stress ECG Guidelines
Men over age 45 and women
over age 55
A total cholesterol level above
200 mg/dl or an HDL
cholesterol below 35 mg/dl
Hypertensive and diabetic
patients
Cigarette smokers
People with an abnormal
resting ECG
Individuals with a family history
of CHD, syncope, or sudden
death before age 60
All individuals with symptoms
of chest discomfort,
dysrhythmias (abnormal
heartbeat), syncope, or
chronotropic incompetence
(heart rate that increases
slowly during exercise and
never reaches maximum)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Tobacco Use
48 million Americans smoke cigarettes
Smoking causes between 430,000 and
440,000 annual deaths in the U.S.
Some 37,000 yearly deaths from heart
disease are attributed to secondhand smoke
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Smoking
In relation to CHD
Smoking speeds up the process of atherosclerosis
Causes a threefold increase in the risk of sudden
death following a myocardial infarction
As far as the extra load on the heart is
concerned, giving up one pack of cigarettes
per day is the equivalent of losing between 50
and 75 pounds of excess body fat!
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Smoking
Increases heart rate
Raises blood pressure
Irritates the heart, increasing the risk of fatal
cardiac arrhythmias
Decreases HDL cholesterol
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Critical Thinking
Cigarette smoking is the
largest preventable cause of
premature illness and death
in the United States.
Do you think the government
should outlaw the use of
tobacco in all forms? Or
does the individual have the
right to engage in selfdestructive behavior?
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Stress
People who are not able to relax have a
constant low-level strain on the
cardiovascular system that could manifest
itself in heart disease
Take control: examine and act upon the
things that are most important, ignore less
meaningful details
One way is to identify the sources of stress
and learn how to cope with them
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Stress
The human body responds to stress by producing more
catecholamines to prepare the body for fight or flight
If the person fights or flees, the body metabolizes the
higher levels of catecholamines and is able to return to a
normal state
Physical activity is one of the best ways to relieve stress
When a person takes part in physical activity, the body
metabolizes excess catecholamines and is able to return to
a normal state
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Personal and Family History
Individuals who have a personal or family
history of cardiovascular problems are at
higher risk for disease than those who have
never had a problem
People with such history should control other
risk factors as much as they can
Most risk factors are reversible, so they can
greatly decrease the risk for future problems
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Age and Gender
Age is a risk factor because of the higher incidence of
heart disease in older people
This tendency may be induced partly by other factors
stemming from changes in lifestyle as we get older
(less physical activity, poor nutrition, obesity)
Earlier in life, men are at greater risk for
cardiovascular disease
Following menopause, the risk for women increases
Risk factor management and positive lifestyle habits
are the best means of slowing down the aging
process and preventing cardiovascular disease
Heart Disease
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
Cancer: Group of diseases
characterized by uncontrolled
growth and spread of
abnormal cells
Benign: Noncancerous
Malignant: Cancerous
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA): Genetic substance of
which genes are made;
molecule that contains cell’s
genetic code
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
Genetic material that guides
the formation of cell proteins
Angiogenesis: Formation of
blood capillaries
Metastasis: The movement
of cells from one part of the
body to another
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cancer Development
More than 100 types of cancer can develop in the body
Normally, the DNA molecule is duplicated perfectly
during cell division
Occasionally cells with defective DNA keep dividing and
ultimately form a small tumor
As more mutations occur, the altered cells continue to
divide and can become malignant
A decade or more can pass between carcinogenic
exposure or mutations and the time cancer is
diagnosed
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cancer Development
To grow, a cancer tumor requires more oxygen
In time, a few of the cancer cells start producing
chemicals that enhance angiogenesis
Through the new blood vessels, cells break away from a
malignant tumor and migrate to other parts of the body
(metastasis), where they can cause new cancer
Although the immune system and the blood turbulence
destroy most cancer cells, only one abnormal cell
lodging elsewhere can start a new cancer
Once cancer cells metastasize, treatment becomes
more difficult
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cancer-Causing Factors
As much as 80% of all human cancer is
related to lifestyle or environmental factors
Diet
Obesity
Tobacco use
Sedentary lifestyle
Excessive use of alcohol
Exposure to occupational hazards
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Guidelines for
Preventing Cancer
Get proper nutrition
Abstain from tobacco
Avoid excessive sun exposure
Monitor estrogen, radiation exposure, and potential
occupational hazards
Engage in physical activity
Maintain recommended body weight
Follow guidelines for cancer-related checkups (Table 11.5)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Dietary Guidelines
Predominately a vegetarian diet (high in fiber and low in fat)
Should include a variety of fruits and vegetables, in particular
cruciferous vegetables
The use of tea, soy products, calcium, and omega-3 fats is
encouraged
Adequate fiber intake is recommended (25 to 38 gr/day)
Protein intake should be kept within the recommended
guidelines
Alcohol, if used at all, should be consumed in moderation (1 to 2
servings per day)
Grilling of meats at high temperatures is discouraged
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Dietary Guidelines
Consume ample amounts of fruits and vegetables which
are high in antioxidants and phytochemicals
Antioxidants seem to
Absorb free radicals before they can cause damage
Interrupt the sequence of reactions once damage has begun
Phytochemicals (plant chemicals) seem to prevent
cancer by blocking the formation of cancerous
tumors and disrupting the process at almost every
step of the way
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Abstain from Tobacco Use
The biggest carcinogenic exposure in the
workplace is cigarette smoke
Of all cancers, at least 30% are tied to
smoking, and 87% of lung cancers are tied to
smoking
Use of smokeless tobacco increases the risk
for mouth, larynx, throat, and esophageal
cancers
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Avoid Excessive Sun
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (both UVB and
UVA rays) contributes to skin cancer
1 in every 6 Americans will develop some type of skin cancer
The most common sites of skin cancer are those areas
exposed to the sun most often (face, neck, and back of the
hands)
Nearly 90% of the almost one million yearly cases of basal
cell or squamous cell skin cancers in the U.S. could be
prevented by protecting the skin from the sun
Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer, causing
7,600 yearly deaths
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Avoid Excessive Sun
Tanning of the skin is the body’s natural reaction to
permanent damage from too much sun
Even small doses of sunlight add up to a greater risk
for skin cancer and premature aging
Avoid sun exposure between 10:00 am and 4:00 pm
Sun lamps and tanning parlors provide mainly
ultraviolet A rays (UVA) and have been linked to
melanoma
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Avoid Excessive Sun
Apply sunscreen lotion about 30 minutes before
lengthy exposure to the sun
A sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15 is
recommended
When swimming or sweating, reapply waterproof
sunscreens often (sunscreens lose strength when
diluted)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Maintain Physical Activity
An active lifestyle seems to have a protective
effect against cancer
Cancer mortality in active men and
women is lower
A daily 30-minute moderate-intensity exercise
program lowers the risk for colon cancer and
may lower the risk for cancers of the breast
and reproductive system
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Warning Signals of Cancer
Change in bowel or bladder habits
Sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Critical Thinking
You have learned about many of
the risk factors for major cancer
sites. How will this information
affect your health choices in the
future?
Will it be valuable to you, or will
you quickly forget all that you
have learned and remain in a
contemplation stage at the end of
this course?
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Substance Abuse
Chemical dependency presently encompasses some
of the most self-destructive behaviors in society
Almost anything can be addictive (work, shopping,
television, the Internet, computer games, gambling,
pornography, sex, exercise, food, drugs)
The most serious types of chemical dependency
include alcohol, tobacco, and illegal substances such
as marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, MDMA
(ecstasy), and heroin
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Alcohol
Alcohol abuse is one of the most significant healthrelated drug problems in the U.S.
Alcohol intake impedes peripheral vision, impairs the
ability to see and hear, decreases reaction time,
hinders concentration and motor performance, and
causes impaired judgment of distance and speed of
moving objects
Alcohol use also lessens fear, increases risk-taking
behaviors, stimulates urination, and induces sleep
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Health-Consequences of
Alcohol Abuse
Cirrhosis of the liver
Oral, esophageal, and
liver cancer
Cardiomyopathy
High blood pressure
Increased risk for strokes
Brain-cell damage
Inflammation of the
esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, and
pancreas
Stomach ulcers
Sexual impotence
Malnutrition
Depression, psychosis,
and hallucinations
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Marijuana
Most widely used illegal drug in the U.S.
Low doses yield a sedative effect
Larger doses produce physical and psychic changes
Short-term effects include
Tachycardia, difficulty in concentration, decreased
coordination, memory impairment, confusion, increased heart
attack risk
Long-term effects include
The amotivational syndrome, brain atrophy, brain damage,
immune system dysfunction, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer,
sterility, impotence
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cocaine
2.7 million people are chronic users and 3 million
are occasional users
20% of first time users will become addicted
Addiction becomes a lifetime nightmare
Popularity based on the almost immediate feeling
of euphoria
Sustained cocaine snorting can lead to a
constant runny nose, nasal congestion and
inflammation, and perforation of the nasal septum
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Cocaine
Long-term consequences of cocaine use in general
include loss of appetite, digestive disorders, weight
loss, malnutrition, insomnia, confusion, anxiety, and
cocaine psychosis (characterized by paranoia and
hallucinations)
Large overdoses of cocaine can end in sudden death
from respiratory paralysis, cardiac arrhythmias, and
severe convulsions
For individuals who lack an enzyme used in
metabolizing cocaine, as few as two to three lines of
cocaine may be fatal
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Methamphetamine
Fastest growing drug problem in the U.S.
A central nervous system stimulant
Primary effect
Produces a feeling of well-being and increased
motor activity
Decreases appetite, fatigue, and sleep
Chronic users experience
Inflammation of the heart lining, schizophrenia-like
mental disorder, and brain-cell damage
Users are frequently involved in violent crime,
homicide, and suicide
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Most common club drug in the U.S.
A stimulant and hallucinogenic drug
Promoted as a drug that increases energy, pleasure,
and self-confidence
Users may experience
Faintness, blurred vision, chills, sweating, nausea,
muscle tension, and teeth-grinding
Long-term effects include
Confusion, depression, sleep disorders, anxiety,
aggression, paranoia, and verbal and visual memory
impairment
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Heroin
A sedative drug synthesized from morphine (opium)
An extremely addictive and tolerance-developing drug
Induces an almost immediate state of euphoria
An overdose can cause convulsions, coma, and death
Short-term use symptoms include
Bone and muscle pains, muscle spasms and cramps, runny nose
and eyes, drowsiness, slurred speech, nausea, and violent yawning
Long-term symptoms include
Hallucinations; nightmares; constipation; sexual difficulties; and
increased risk for lung, liver, and cardiovascular disease
SIDS is more frequently seen in children born to addicted
mothers
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Treatment of Addiction
Recognize that there is a problem
Recovery almost always requires professional help
Consult a physician, counseling center, or local
mental health clinic
Contact the National Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment at 1-800-662-HELP for 24-hour substance
abuse treatment centers in your area
Successful treatment includes psychotherapy, medical
care, and behavior modification
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Have reached epidemic proportions in the U.S.
25% of all Americans will acquire at least one
sexually transmitted disease (STD) in their lifetime
Each year, more than 15 million people in the U.S.
are newly infected with STDs
More than 68 million Americans have an
incurable STD
The highest rate of STD infections are seen in
young people between the ages of 16 and 24
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Key Terms
Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS): Any of a
number of diseases that arise
when the body’s immune
system is compromised by HIV
Human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV): Virus that leads to
acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome (AIDS)
Opportunistic infections:
Diseases that arise in the
absence of a healthy immune
system, which would fight
them off in healthy people
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HIV and AIDS
Upon infection, the HIV virus multiplies, attacks, and destroys
white blood cells
White blood cells are part of the immune system that fights
infections and diseases
As the number of white blood cells killed increases, the body’s
immune system gradually breaks down or may be completely
destroyed
Without the immune system, a person becomes susceptible to
various opportunistic diseases and cancers
HIV infection is determined through an HIV antibody test
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HIV and AIDS
HIV is a progressive disease
At first, people who become infected with HIV might
not know they are infected
An incubation period of weeks, months, or years may
pass during which no symptoms appear
The virus may live in the body 10 years or longer
before symptoms emerge
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HIV and AIDS
As the infection progresses to the point at which certain
diseases develop, the person is said to have AIDS
HIV itself doesn’t kill, nor do people die of AIDS
AIDS is the term designating the final stage
of HIV infection
Death is caused by a weakened immune system that is
unable to fight off opportunistic diseases
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HIV and AIDS
People do not get HIV because of who they are
but because of what they do
HIV and AIDS can threaten anyone, anywhere;
nobody is immune to HIV
The two most risky behaviors for HIV
transmission are:
Having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
with an HIV-infected person
Sharing hypodermic needles or other drug
paraphernalia with someone who is infected
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
HIV and AIDS Treatment
HIV infection and AIDS have no known cure
The best advice is to take a preventive approach
Medications are available that
Delay the progress of infection and allow HIV-infected
patients to live longer
May keep some people from developing AIDS
The sooner the treatment is initiated, the better the
prognosis for a longer life
Developing a vaccine to prevent HIV infection or AIDS
seems highly unlikely within the next few years
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Risky Behaviors for STDs
(including HIV)
Multiple or anonymous sexual partners such as a pick-up or
prostitute
Anal sex with or without a condom
Vaginal or oral sex with someone who shoots drugs or
engages in anal sex
Sex with someone you know has had several sex partners
Unprotected sex (without a condom) with an infected person
Sexual contact of any kind with anyone who has symptoms
of AIDS or who is a member of a group at high risk for AIDS
Sharing toothbrushes, razors, or other implements that
could become contaminated with blood with anyone who is,
or might be, infected with the HIV virus
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Quackery & Fraud
The conscious promotion of unproven
claims for profit
The rapid growth of the fitness and
wellness industry during the last three
decades has spurred the promotion of
fraudulent products that deceive
consumers into “miraculous,” quick, and
easy ways to achieve total well-being
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Guidelines to Select a
Health/Fitness Facility
Make sure the facility complies
with the standards established
by the American College of
Sports Medicine (ACSM) for
health and fitness facilities
Examine all exercise options in
your community
Health clubs/spas, YMCAs,
gyms, colleges, schools,
community centers, senior
centers
Check to see if the facility’s
atmosphere is pleasurable
and nonthreatening to you
Analyze costs versus
facilities, equipment, and
programs
The Seven
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Causes of
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Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Guidelines to Select a
Health/Fitness Facility
Find out what types of facilities
are available
Walking/running track,
basketball/tennis/racquetball
courts, aerobic exercise room,
strength training room, pool,
locker rooms, saunas, hot
tubs, facility access
Check the aerobic and
strength-training equipment
available
Consider the location
Is the facility close to your
home?
Check on times the facility is
accessible
Work out at the facility several
times before becoming a
member
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Guidelines to Select a
Health/Fitness Facility
Inquire about the
instructor’s qualifications
Consider the facility’s
approach to fitness
Does it include all healthrelated components of
fitness?
Ask about
supplementary services
Fitness assessments,
blood chemistry analysis,
health/wellness seminars
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Personal Trainer
An exercise specialist who works one-on-one with an individual
and is typically paid by the hour or exercise session
Exercise sessions are usually conducted at a health/fitness
facility or at the client’s own home
Currently, anyone who prescribes exercise can call him/herself a
personal trainer without proof of education, experience, or
certification
Personal trainers should have an undergraduate degree in a
fitness-related area and certification from a reputable
health/fitness organization (ACSM, IDEA, NSCA)
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Purchasing Exercise Equipment
Do not buy equipment for
purported benefits if you do
not enjoy the activity
Try it out several times before
making the purchase
Consider quality
Look for signs of wear and
tear on similar units
Consider maintenance costs
(cheaper units may not be a
wise investment)
Exercise equipment is valuable
for people who prefer to
exercise indoors
Watch out for expensive
gadgets
Monitors that provide exercise
heart rate, work output, caloric
expenditure, speed, grade,
and distance may help
motivate you
But monitors are expensive,
need repairs, and do not
enhance the actual fitness
benefits of the workout
11.10
Relationships
among Physical
Work Capacity,
Aging, and
Lifestyle Habits
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Critical Thinking
Are there people around you that you
admire and would like to emulate for
their wellness lifestyle?
What behaviors do these people
exhibit that would help you adopt a
healthier lifestyle?
What keeps you from emulating
these behaviors, and how can you
overcome these barriers?
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Lifetime Fitness & Wellness
The real challenge: a lifetime
commitment to fitness and wellness
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
“
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
For every runner who tours the world running
marathons, there are thousands who run to
hear the leaves and listen to the rain, and
look to the day when it is all suddenly as easy
as a bird in flight. For them, sport is not a test
but a therapy, not a trial but a reward, not a
question but an answer.”
The Seven
Dimensions of
Wellness
Causes of
Death
Diseases of the
Cardiovascular
System
Coronary Heart
Disease
Cancer
Substance
Abuse
Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
An Educated
Fitness/Wellness
Consumer
Lifetime Fitness & Wellness
Fitness and wellness is a process that
requires a constant and deliberate effort to
achieve and maintain a higher quality of life
Improving the quality of your life, and most
likely your longevity, is in your hands
Only you can take control of your lifestyle and
thereby reap the benefits of wellness
Thank You