Transcript Introduction to Pathology

Introduction to
Pathology
Fall 2009
FINAL
Terms
1.
_____________ is the study of disease.
2.
_________ is any abnormal disturbance of
3.
__________occurs after disease. This is
4.
_______________ are observable changes
function or structure as a result of injury
the sequence of events producing cellular
changes which produce manifestations.
Types of Manifestations
_________________________________:
1.
–
Complaints offered by the patients.

Headaches, nausea, aches and pains
________________________________:
2.
–
Abnormal changes as observed by a physician

Can be acquired by touch, smell, tests or visual
inspection

Includes fever, swelling, discoloration and rash.
Etiology
Is the study of the cause of a disease.

Common agents:
– Viruses
– Bacteria
– Trauma
– Heat,
– Poor infection control
Poor Infection Control

__________ Infections- are those that
occur in a hospital or hospital like
setting
– Are a result of 3 factors:
High prevalence of pathogens
 High prevalence of compromised hosts
 Efficient mechanisms of transmission from
patient to patient

Iatrogenic Disease
Adverse responses induced in a patient by a
physicians manner, activity or therapy.

Ex: A collapsed lobe of the lung that
occurred due a complication during an
arterial line placement.
Acute vs. Chronic
1.
_____________ disease
– Quick onset
– Lasts a short period of time

1.
Ex. Pneumonia
_____________
– Presents more slowly
– Lasts a long time

Ex. Multiple Sclerosis
Identification and
Outcome
1.
Diagnosis
2.
Prognosis
Technique Considerations
1.
Decrease technique
– In diseases that are destructive
– Decreasing tissue density
– Subtractive or lytic changes
1.
Increase technique
– In diseases that increase tissue density
– Additive or sclerotic changes
Epidemiology
Is the investigation of diseases in large
groups.
1.
___________ is the number of cases in a given
population
2.
___________ is the number of new cases in a
given time period
3.
___________ are diseases in high prevalence in a
certain area
4.
___________ - substantially exceeds what is
"expected," based on recent experience
Disease Classifications
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Congenital and Hereditary
Inflammatory
Degenerative
Metabolic
Traumatic
Neoplastic
Congenital and
Hereditary
1.
_______________ are present at birth and
result from genetic or environmental
factors
–
2.
2-3% of all live births have one or more
congenital disease
_______________ are developmental
disorders genetically transmitted from
either parent
Inflammatory Disease
Results from the body’s reaction to a
localized injurious agent.

Types of inflammatory disease:
– Toxic
– Infective
– Allergic
– Autoimmune
Acute Local
Inflammatory Disease

Characteristics:
–
–
–
–
–
Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function

Capillary dilatation

Cellular necrosis
Chronic Inflammatory
Disease



May not result in cell death
More commonly it does not result in
cell death
Lasts for extensive periods of time
Repair from
Inflammatory Disease
The repair of tissues is the body’s
attempt to return the body to normal.




Tissue regeneration
Fibrous connective tissue repair
Debridement
Remodeling
Infection
Is an inflammatory process caused by a
disease causing organism.



It invades, multiplies and causes injury.
Generally localized infections causes
inflammation
Virulence
– High virulence
– Low virulence
Degenerative Disease


Are caused by a deterioration of the
body usually associated with aging.
Although some degenerative diseases
affect younger patients
Metabolic Disease
Diseases caused by a disturbance of the
normal physiologic function of the body.


Metabolism is the sum of all physical and
chemical processes of the body.
Includes endocrine disorders and imbalance
of fluid and electrolytes.
Endocrine System


The major glands are: pituitary,
thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands,
pancreatic islets, ovaries and testes.
A disorder can be caused from
– Hypersecretion
– Insufficient secretion
Fluid and Electrolyte
Imbalance

_______________ is the most common fluid
imbalance
– Caused by lack of water
– Excessive loss of water

_______________ mineral salts
– Potassium and sodium

Depletion of electrolytes is caused by:
– Vomiting, diarrhea, and diuretics
Traumatic Disease

Diseases as a result of a mechanical force
–
–
–
–

Crushing
Twisting
Radiation
Extreme temperatures
Can involve
–
–
–
–
Bone
Soft tissue
Skin
Capillaries
Neoplastic Disease
New or abnormal growth.

Uncontrollable growth

Neoplasm
– ___________: remain localized and non-invasive
– ___________: continue to grow, spread and
invade other tissues
Metastasis
Spread of malignant cancer.


Cancer is the general term to denote
malignant neoplasms.
Ways of metastasis
–
–
–
–
Hematogenous
Lymphatic
Invasion
Seeding
Staging of Cancer

TNM system adopted in 1950’s is the standard
– American Joint Committee on Cancer
– American Cancer Society
– American College of Radiology

Staging is the evaluation of the extent of cancer
based on clinical findings

Treatment protocol is based on these findings

Provides indication of prognosis
TNM Staging

T: size of the tumor
– Untreated primary cancer or tumor

N: Regional lymph node involvement

M: Presence or absence of distant metastasis

Numerical staging is usually designated
– T1 - T4
– N1 - N4
– M1 – M4
Cell Differentiation
Is a process in which cells mature into a
functional and structurally specialized cell.

__________________ tumor cells
– Resemble normal cells
– Grow and spread a slow rate

___________ or __________ differentiated
– Lack structure and function of normal cells
– Grow uncontrollably
Grading of Cancer
Is an attempt to estimate the degree of
malignancy of a neoplasm.

Classified into 4 grades
– Grade
– Grade
– Grade
– Grade
I
II
III
IV