Transcript Cancer Treatments

Cancer Diagnosis
&Treatments
Laboratory Test
Some cancers excrete enzymes or protein
marker that can be detected in blood work
 Example:
CEA Carcinoembryonic antigen
Bloodstream of tumors of gastrointestinal
origin
PSA prostate specific antigen
Protein produced by prostate cancer cells
Laboratory Tests
Alpha-fetoprotein antigen
Excreted by tumors of liver and testicular
cancer
Imaging
Ultrasound: using sound waves
 Computed Tomography
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
 Positron Emission Tomography
 Bone Scan
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Ultrasound
High Frequency sound waves which
produce echoes
 Computer interprets these images into
pictures
 Can be used to diagnosis:
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Soft tissue abnormalities
Pregnancy
CT Scan
Creates multiple picture slices
 Combines multiple images to produce
cross sectional views
 Can create three dimensional views
 Define normal and abnormal structures
 Can be used to accurately guide
placement of treatment or instruments
 Detect soft and hard tissue abnormalities
 Contrast dyes can be used
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MRI
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Magnetism, radio waves and a computer
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The magnetic field aligns the protons of hydrogen
atoms
The hydrogen atoms are then exposed to radio waves
which causes spinning of the atoms
This faint signal is picked up by the computer to
create images
Produces images of body structures
 Detailed pictures are created and tiny
changes can be detected
 Contrast agents can be used
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PET
Small amount of radioactive material is
injected, inhaled or swallowed
 The energy from this material is detected
and images created
 Detects cancer, blood flow obstructions,
brain abnormality including seizures
 Actual cellular functioning can be seen
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Blood flow
Oxygen use
Glucose metabolism
Bone Scan
Radioactive tracer is injected into arm
 Travels to the bone
 Areas of lack of blood supply, cancer or
bone loss show up as dark or cold spots
 Areas of increased bone growth or repair
show up as bright or hot spots:
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Arthritis
Tumors
Infection
fractures
Clinical Procedures: Diagnosis
Bone marrow biopsy
 Small amount of bone marrow aspirated
and examined
Exfoliated cytology
 Cells scraped from the region of disease
and examined: pap test
Clinical diagnosis con’t
Lymphangiography
 Contrast dye injected into the lymphatic
vessels of the feet and x-rays are taken to
detect enlarged lymph nodes, blockages,
and the presence of tumors
.
Needle biopsy
 Needle inserted into tissue in question and
core of tissue removed the cells are
examined under a microscope to be
graded
 Aspiration (suction) may be used to
withdraw fluid
Peritoneoscopy (Laparoscopy)
 Inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors
 Small incision in abdominal wall
Staging laparotomy
 Wide surgical incision of the abdominal
cavity to determine the extent of
metastases
Treatments
Surgery
Tumor is diagnosed before it metastasized
 Cure or reduce
 Examples: Stomach, Breast, Uterus, Bone
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Generally Carcinomas or Mixed Tissue and
limited Sarcomas (why?)
Grade 1 to 111
T1-2
N may or may not be present
Mo
Radiation Therapy
Maximal dose of ionizing radiation to the
tumor and minimal dose to the
surrounding normal tissue
 Do you see the difficulty?
 Used to shrink tumor
 Used as adjunct to surgery
 Used when surgery not possible
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Chemotherapy
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Drugs that target rapidly dividing cells
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Think of what normal cells rapidly divide.
Given as an adjunct to other treatments
 Purpose is to block the replication and/or
decrease the growth.
 Used in T1-4N1-4M1-3
 Carcinomas, Sarcomas & Mixed-Tissue
Tumors
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Biological Agents
Using bodies own defense system
 NKCells
 Research aimed at restoring, enhancing,
mimicking or manipulating immune
system to destroy cancerous cells
 Hormones: Estrogen is used to treat
prostate cancer
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Complementary and Alternative
Massage
Meditation
 Therapeutic touch
 Aromatherapy
 Traditional Chinese medicine
 Herbal preparations
 Special Diets
 Acupuncture
 Acupressure
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Estimated rates of cancer and
death rates for 2008 by site
and sex
Lung Cancer: Most Preventable
Man & Woman
Diagnosed:
23,900 yearly
460 weekly
Death:
20,200
388 will die per week
Man:
1 in 12 will develop
1 in 13 will die
Woman
1 in 16 will develop
1 in 18 will die
Colorectal Cancer: Second leading cause
of death
Man & Woman
Diagnosed
21,500
413 per week
Death
8,900
171 will die per week
Man
1 in 14 will develop
1 in 27 will die
Woman
1 in 16 will develop
1 in 31 will die
Breast Cancer: Most common for
woman
Since 1993 rates have stabilized and
decreased
Diagnosed
Woman: 22,400 with 431 diagnosed weekly
Man: 170
Deaths
Woman: 5,300 yearly with 102 dying per
week
Men: 50 over the year
Breast cancer
1 in 9 women will develop
 1 in 28 will die
 Based on woman living to 80
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Prostate: Most common for men
Diagnosed
24,700 yearly
475 per week
Deaths
4,300 yearly
83 will die every week
Stats
1 in 7 will develop (mostly after 60)
1 in 27 will die