Transcript Bone Cancer

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Bone cancer is a tumor forming on the outside of a bone.
There are different types of Benign tumors:
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Osteoid osteoma
Osteoblastoma
Osteochondroma
Enchondroma
Chondromyxoid fibroma
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Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Ewing tumor
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Fibrosarcoma
Chordoma
There are also different types of Malignant bone tumors:
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People with a close relative (parent or
sibling) who has/had bone cancer.
Patients who have received radiation
therapy (radiotherapy).
People with a history of Paget's Disease - a
disorder that involves abnormal bone
destruction and regrowth.
Individuals with hereditary renoblastoma - a
type of eye cancer that most commonly
affects very young children.
Babies born with an umbilical hernia.
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Some symptoms/effects of bone cancer:
› Joint tenderness or inflammation
› Fractures due to bone weakness
› Fever
› Unintentional weight-loss
› Fatigue
› Anemia
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The TNMG System
› T stands for features of the tumor (its size and
if it is in more than one spot on the bone).
› N stands for spread to the lymph nodes.
› M is for metastasis (spread) to other organs.
› G is for the tumor’s grade.
TX: Primary tumor can't be measured.
 T0: No evidence of the tumor.
 T1: Tumor is 8 cm (around 3 inches) or
less.
 T2: Tumor is larger than 8 cm.
 T3: Tumor is in more than one place on
the same bone.
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N0: The cancer has not spread to the
lymph nodes near the tumor.
 N1: The cancer has spread to nearby
lymph nodes.
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M0: The cancer has not spread
anywhere outside of the bone or nearby
lymph nodes.
 M1: Distant metastasis (the cancer has
spread).
 M1a: The cancer has spread only to the
lung.
 M1b: The cancer has spread to other
sites (like the brain, the liver, etc.).
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G1-G2: Low grade.
 G3-G4: High grade.
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All stage I tumors are low grade and
have not yet spread outside of the bone.
Stage IA: T1, N0, M0, G1-G2: The tumor is
8 cm or less.
 Stage IB: T2 or T3, N0, M0, G1-G2: The
tumor is either larger than 8 cm or it is in
more than one place on the same bone.
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Stage II tumors have not spread outside
the bone (like Stage I) but are high
grade.
Stage IIA: T1, N0, M0, G3-G4: The tumor is
8 cm or less.
 Stage IIB: T2, N0, M0, G3-G4: The tumor is
larger than 8 cm.
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Stage III tumors have not spread outside
the bone but are in more than one
place on the same bone.
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Stage III: T3, N0, M0, G3-G4: They are
high grade.
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Stage IV tumors have spread outside of
the bone they started in. They can be
any grade.
Stage IVA: Any T, N0, M1a, G1-G4: The
tumor has spread to the lung.
 Stage IVB: Any T, N1, any M, G1-G4 OR
Any T, any N, M1b, G1-G4: The tumor has
spread to nearby lymph nodes or to
distant sites other than the lung (or both).
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The first step to detecting bone cancer is locating the pain. The
most common symptom for bone cancer is an inconstant pain in
the affected bone.
The next most noticeable symptom that can lead to the
detection of bone cancer is swelling. Depending upon where
the tumor is located, the swelling may be accompanied by a
lump beneath the skin.
Once pain and swelling has taken place, alert a doctor to the
potential for bone cancer, detection may take place with Xrays.
The CT scan is more useful than traditional X-rays for detecting
the spread of cancer throughout the bone.
A biopsy is the process of extracting tissue from the tumor so that
it can be analyzed with a microscope to completely confirm
that cancer is present and the pain and swelling are not being
caused by some other disease or infection.
Surgery
 Chemotherapy
 Radiation therapy
 Cryosurgery- liquid nitrogen to freeze
and kill the cells.
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The most common treatment used to treat the
cancer is surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the
whole tumor and a surrounding area of the bone. A
pathologist then examines it to see if it is normal bone
completely surrounding the tumor. If any of the
cancer cells are left behind, it could continue to
grow and spread. If it is surrounded by normal cells,
there is a much better chance that the entire tumor
has been removed. Before the discovery of newer
techniques, amputations were frequently used to
remove bone cancer. Now, in many cases, the tumor
can just be removed with a small sliver of the bone.
Depending on how much bone is removed, the
surgeon will put something there to replace the
missing bone (bone cement; bone graft).
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Check the family history. A genetic condition called
Paget’s disease increases the risk of bone cancer. If
any of the family members have suffered from this
disease, the other members might as well submit for
examination to verify the presence or absence of the
same disorder.
Practice a healthy lifestyle. Stay away from any type
of drug. Tobacco smoking is one of the common risk
factors that cause cancer. Limit alcohol intake and
eliminate stress.
Avoid exposure to chemotherapy and radiation.
These two procedures are regarded as real, risk
factors for bone cancer. Both can damage not only
the cancer cells but the healthy cells as well.
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Indulge in a healthy diet. Oftentimes, cancer is
triggered by having a very poor diet. When
processed foods packed with preservatives are
consumed, it increases the risk of cancer. Nothing
beats a healthy diet full of fresh vegetables and fruits.
Take herbs that strengthen the immune system. Herbs
such as: green tea, ginseng, red clover, and
fermented wheat germ extract are known for their
cancer-preventive properties.
Submit to regular medical checkups. Taking a yearly,
general checkup helps in determining the
development of any suspected disease. Regular
cancer screening is very important, especially if there
are noticeable symptoms.
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Not all bone tumors are cancerous.
Cancer Treatment Centers of America
 DailyStrength Support Groups
 American Childhood Cancer
Organization Support Community
 Life with Cancer Support Community
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www.cancercenter.com
www.dailystrength.org
www.inspire.com
www.ehow.com/346_detecting-bone-cancer.html
www.cancer.org/...bone-cancer-overviewdiagnosed
www.nlm.nih.gov/...bonecancer.html
www.medicinenet.com/...page5.htm
www.cancerresearchuk.org/...bone-cancer
www.umm.edu/...bone-cancer-000023.htm
www.cancer.gov/...bone