Transcript Bibliographic Searching

Research Skills for Dissertations:
2012
Sue Bird
Bodleian Subject Librarian Geography
The digital architecture facilitating research & study
Cloud
computing
Oxford Libraries Information
Platform
On-line data bases
Data Portals
(expanding)
Subscription
Dbases
Cloud
computing
Literature & Data Search Engines
e-Journals
e-Books
Course Information Management
Research Skills Tool Kits
Data Mining &
workflow tools
Data & File Sharing
OxFile
Reference Management Tools
Data Visualisation
Tools
Policies & Guidelines
SoGE Intranet
Networking, Communication &
OUCS
Living
Science & Ideas Media
Science Oxford PodOxfo
Blogs iTunes U
rd
Personal
Page
You & Your Devices
(and WiFi connection –
Eduroam, OWL)
Note: commercial products cited merely represent commonly
used services rather than endorsements
This session
How to cite sources correctly & therefore avoid
plagiarism
How to use Reference Management Software
SOLO & OXLIP+
Reference works
Google Scholar v. Bibliographic Databases
Searching Techniques & Keeping up to date
Avoiding Plagiarism
"...You must always indicate to the examiners when you have
drawn on the work of others; other people's original ideas and
methods should be clearly distinguished from your own, and
other people's words, illustrations, diagrams etc. should be
clearly indicated regardless of whether they are copied exactly,
paraphrased, or adapted...
...The University reserves the right to use software applications to
screen any individual's submitted work for matches either to published
sources or to other submitted work. Any such matches respectively
might indicate either plagiarism or collusion...
...Although the use of electronic resources by students in their
academic work is encouraged, you should remember that the
regulations on plagiarism apply to on-line material and other
digital material just as much as to printed material..."
Section 9.5 Proctors' and Assessor's Memorandum
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/plagiarism.html
Good academic practice
So by following the citation principles and
practices in place in your subject area, you will
develop a rigorous approach to academic
referencing, and avoid inadvertent plagiarism.
Be uniform in your referencing system:Probably use the Harvard system as suggested
on the School’s web-site – but whatever you do
use – just be consistent
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/dissertation/referencing.html
Citing your references
Just a few of the more common points
An article in an online journal which also exists in print
should be cited in the same way as print.
To cite something which only exists electronically, e.g.
a web site, follow special rules which include the date
viewed.
A specific quote must include the page reference in
the citation.
Citation practice
A large number of manuals are available to give
guidance and sound practice.
1:Doing a literature review / Chris Hart (London, 1998)
[H 62 HAR ]
2:Manual for writers / Kate Turabian (7th ed. Chicago, 2007)
[LB 2369 TUR ]
3:Communicating in geography & the environmental sciences /
Ian Hay (3rd ed. Oxford, 2006)
[G 70 HAY ]
4:Cite them right /Pears & Shields (2010 ed.) [LB 2369 PEA]
5: Complete guide to referencing & avoiding plagiarism / Neville
(2nd ed. 2010) – available on-line via E.B.L.
References / Bibliography
Organize your research and manage your database
of references
Import references from many different data sources
including direct from databases like Scopus or Web of
Knowledge, or library catalogues like SOLO.
Store links to documents – pdf’s, images, etc.
Include citations while you write your paper
Build a bibliography in a variety of styles and in
different document formats (Word, RTF, HTML, etc.)
Reference Management Systems
RefWorks
(web based – access your records anywhere - free to
members of university – even after you leave)
• ProCite, Reference Manager and EndNote (works without
web access – but software needs to be installed on own
machine – charge of c£80 from OUCS)
• EndNote on the Web
(free to members of university, but has limited feature set –
designed to be used alongside desktop version)
• Zotero is a free plug-in for Firefox browser (only) – limited but
growing capability
• Mendeley, etc.
E-Journals
I didn't check for the hard copy
- so used to getting online access!
Newspapers
Electronic newspapers
• Some are freely available. Alphabetic list on
OxLIP+
• Best source for the “Text Only” of huge range of
newspapers and magazines is Nexis UK. Goes
back approximately 10 yrs in most cases and is
very current i.e. today’s daily news items
Newspapers
Legal information, cases etc.
• Lexis Library
• WestLaw – both UK & US editions
• But there are a lot more
(if necessary ask the Law Library for help)
Dissertation Techniques
Use SOLO or OxLIP+ to access
Reference tools
Abstracting and Indexing services
Reference Sources
General reference tools
CREDO Reference : Reference works incl.
Dictionaries, encyclopaedias etc
International Encyclopedia of Human Geography
Dictionaries. OED; Oxford Reference On-line
English Language Reference
Bodleian Maps
http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/guides/maps
E-books
Reference books
Blackwell Reference Online
SAGE Reference Online
SAGE Research Methods Online
Text books
EBL (officially) the E-Book Library
NetLibrary now hosted by EBSCOhost Ebook Collection
Oxford Scholarship Online
Taylor & Francis Online eBooks Library
Subject searching
SOLO and Oxford e-journals cover Oxford
holdings only by title
Better to use specialist indexes covering the
world’s literature to find articles
Access via OxLIP+
Use inter-library loan for items not held in
Oxford and not online
Bibliographic Databases
Excellent for locating journal articles , book chapters
and book reviews (NB. References only,)
General or specific subject coverage
Different interfaces but similar functionality
Not tied to library holdings
Frequently will provide a link to full text
Google is fast
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Very fast
Proudly fast
Tells you how fast
Found SoGE home page in 0.13 secs
Also found 26,600,000 other ‘relevant’ pages
But put home page first
Brilliant - How does it do it?
Not telling….
Did I need 26 million references?
• Nobody looks at all the references Google
retrieves
• So why display them?
• Algorithm takes into account links made by other
pages
• And click-throughs
• So the top result for a given search is determined
over time by the people who make that search
• Is that the same as the ‘best’ result?
So let’s invent…
• Google Scholar
• Let’s team up with publishers so they let us search
behind their firewalls
• Let’s modify our algorithm so it excludes non-scholarly
material (how do we define that?)
• Let’s look at citations so when one article we index
cites another one we index, we can move it higher up
the relevance ranking
• Let’s link together different versions of the same article
• Let’s include library locations for full-text access
But let’s not allow:
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creation of sets
Or controlled vocabularies
Or combining of searches
Or hit rate figures for individual search terms
Or proximity searching
Or saving and e-mailing results
Or creation of alerts
Or standardisation of journal names/abbreviations
Or info on what is included and what is not
Or info on how the system decides what is scholarly
Or an indication of update frequency – seems slower than
normal Google
Databases vs. Search engines
• Contents are indexed by subject
specialists
• Subject headings
• Limiting functions e.g.
publication types, language
Allow you to
• View Search history
• Combine searches
• Mark and sort results
• Print/save/email/export
• Save searches
• Set up alerts
• Searches done by
automated “web
crawlers”
• No thesaurus / subject
headings – just free
text searching
• No limiting functions
• Usually none of these!
Bibliographic Databases
Abstracting and Indexing Services
Vast range.
SCOPUS (includes GEOBASE)
OVID SP
ProQuest
Web of Knowledge
Search Strategies
• Boolean logic
• Truncation
• Wild cards
• Synonyms
• Which language are you using?
Boolean connectors
• AND – combines terms to restrict results
• OR – useful for covering synonyms
• NOT – excludes unwanted areas of research
OR, AND, NOT
Biodiversity
Amazonia
Climate change
SCOPUS
• Includes data from GEOBASE
- THE bibliographic database
for the Earth, Geographical
and Environmental Sciences
SCOPUS
Abstract and citation database containing both peer-reviewed research literature
and quality web sources. With over 19,500 titles from more than 5,000
international publishers, including 325 book series.
46 million records:
25 million records with references back to 1996
(of which 78% include references).
21 million records pre-1996 which go back as
far as 1823.
4.8 million conference papers from proceedings
and journals.
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 1
– Important to remember that although each database
covers thousands of journal titles no single database
is ever comprehensive.
– If you are having difficulty finding material on a topic
use the keywords you find in any relevant reference
and search again.
Synonyms & Language
• Topic = Personal energy use reduction
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Search:
A) personal energy use
B) “personal energy use”
C) “energy use” OR “energy consumption” AND
personal OR private OR household
• Context : “carbon footprint” OR “carbon neutral”
(including food mile* (i.e. miles or mileage)? )
Bibliographic Databases
ProQuest
• IBSS: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
• Sustainability Science Abstracts
• Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
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PAIS International – government & other ‘grey’ literature
Ecology Abstracts
Oceanic Abstracts
Water Resources Abstracts
Bibliographic Databases
OVIDSP
• EconLit – economic geography
• CAB Abstracts – biogeography / natural resources
• Forest Science – biogeography
• GeoRef – physical geography & geology
• Zoological Abstracts (1864-2009 only)
Bibliographic Databases
Web of Science/Knowledge
– Includes Science, Social Science & Arts and Humanities
Citation Indexes
– Citation indexes can be used in the same way as any other
abstracting and indexing service. Their extra facility is the
option to search the bibliographies of any articles- a citation
search. Academics use the citation index to find out who
has cited their work.
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 2
Take time to explore the various databases & platforms available.
Some will be more useful to you than others.
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Scopus
OvidSP
ProQuest
Web of Knowledge
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wiser
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 3
Boolean Logical Operators AND, OR, NOT
Proximity operators
Adj (literally adjacent); Near(same sentence); With(same
field)
Field descriptors: AU(author); TI(title); AB (abstract);
SO(source or reference); DE (general descriptor) etc are
likely to be specific to each database and won’t operate in
‘cross searches’
Combining searches: #1 and #2
Other tricks:
Use symbols for wildcards and truncation
? or $ for a single character
globali?ation / globali$ation (is it an ‘s’ or a ‘z’)
* for truncation or variant spellings
govern* for governance, governmentality, etc
use quotation marks for searching for phrases
e.g. “resource management”
Bibliographic Searching
Search Tip : 4
• Consider subject synonyms & British and US spellings.
• Apply truncation, usually * to find plurals/alternative word endings and
? to replace a single character.
• Expand search by following hypertext links esp subject headings
• Use tagging facilities within database to mark articles for printing,
emailing, downloading or exporting.
• Authors names: Check the online help for formats. Use the database
index to find different forms of author’s name, otherwise truncate first
initial.
Bibliographic Databases
Search :- Impact of La Nina and oceanic circulation on climate
change (2011-12 only)
Scopus = 30 articles
ProQuest = 21 articles (after de-duplication of 45) (14 not found by Scopus)
Ovid = 19 after de-duplication of 20 articles, etc. (adds another 5 to the total)
Web of Science = 41 articles (a further 26 unique items)
RefWorks de-duplication
= 75
Bibliographic Searching
• Three ways to keep up to date:
• E-mail alert – you can specify a search to be repeated
and the results emailed to you at chosen intervals or
Zetoc will tell you when the next issue of a journal is
available.
• Saving and rerunning searches – you save a search and
run it again in the future.
• Citation Alert – you will receive an email every time a
particular article is cited in another WoK or Scopus
indexed article.
Dissertation Techniques
Apart from Bibliographic Electronic Resources
there are some factual databases available
via OxLIP+ e.g.:• World development indicators,
• EIU Country Reports,
• Demographic Yearbook etc.
If they are CD-ROM based they may require you to
download software
GUIDE to RESOURCES
http://ox.libguides.com/geography
Further assistance:
This presentation available via WebLearn & on-line
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/science/training/biosciences
More courses available: http://www.oucs.ox.ac.uk/itlp/
Other presentations:
http://www.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/services/training/wiser
Guidance for references:
https://intranet.ouce.ox.ac.uk/undergraduate/fhs/dissertation/
referencing.html
[email protected]
Dissertation Techniques
Your feedback is greatly appreciated
Please complete a short survey @
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/V833GBC
Appendix
• Results from Google Scholar
• Record for : “State of the Climate 2010” in
a) Scopus
b) Web of Science