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Bone
Development
Gender
Race &
Height
Age
Bones Misc.
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What is ossification?
The process of bone formation in
which osteoblasts lay down calcium in
cartilages; turning these cartilages to
bone.
Describe osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts: bone building cells
Osteoclasts: bone destroying cells
How do bones form?
• Osteoblasts migrate into the
cartilage of an infants skeleton.
• Osteoblasts deposit calcium
• The calcium hardens to form
bones.
Describe three structures that attach
to bone to help form the skeleton.
* Ligaments (Join bone to bone)
* Tendons (Connect muscle to bone)
* Cartilage (Cushions bones at joints)
What is an osteobiography?
Your “life” story told through
your bones.
How many bones does an adult
skeleton have?
Approximately how many bones
does an infant skeleton have?
Adult: 206 (average)
Infant: 450 (average)
What is the epiphyseal plate?
A line of cartilage where bone
growth occurs.
By what age are all the
epiphyseal plates and sutures
fused?
Age 50
Using the charts:
Estimate the age of an individual if:
The clavicle and sternum and
sternum of the shoulder are closed
and the condyles of the leg have
joined the shaft.
20
Using the charts:
Estimate the age of an individual if:
The lambdoidal suture is nearly
closed and all segments of the
sacrum are united.
25-29
Can a skeleton exhibit
characteristics of both genders.
What does this mean for a
forensic anthropologist.
Skeletons can exhibit
characteristics from both genders
(especially older skeletons).
This means that forensic
anthropologists should use many
characteristics from many bones
to determine gender.
What is the gender of this skull?
Male
What is the gender of this skull?
Female
What is the gender of this pelvis?
Female
What is the gender of this pelvis?
Male
What are the three “races” used
for forensic identification?
Caucasoid
Mongoloid
Negroid
What makes determining race
difficult?
Many people exhibit characteristics
from multiple races.
What type of bones are generally
used to determine height?
Long bones, like the femur and humerus
Explain why forensic
anthropologist can only estimate
height.
Environmental factors can affect
a person’s height, such as diet,
accidents, etc.
Using the charts provided for
you: estimate the height of an
individual with a femur that
measures 40cm in length.
About 152 cm
What is forensic anthropology?
The study of human skeletal
remains in a legal setting.
Who were the Romanovs and
why did we discuss them in this
unit?
The royal family of Russia, they
were executed and forensic
anthropology was used to
identify their remains over 80
years after their deaths.
What type of DNA evidence can
be retrieved from skeletal
remains and why?
Mitochondrial DNA because
nuclear DNA breaks down faster.
What is facial reconstruction?
The rebuilding of facial features
from skeletal remains using clay
or computer models.
What is the importance of
forensic anthropology today.
Identify victims of accidents,
mass killings or brutal crimes.
Bring closer to families and
cases.