Transcript Cancer - jfindlay.ca

What is it Really?

Cancer is cell division
out of control

“Cancer” refers to a
whole group of
diseases (including
leukemia – cancer of
the blood)

Normal Cells:
 Divide slowly
 Eventually die and are replaced

Cancer Cells:
 Divide quickly
 Don’t die quickly
Cancer cells build up
TUMOUR

A variety of reasons such as...
 Too many growth factors that encourage that cell
to divide even though it does not need to divide
 A mutation in the gene that makes a protein that
regulates the cell cycle
 A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene; these
genes regulate the synthesis of proteins
responsible for destroying cancerous cells
Criteria
Normal Cells
Cell Death
Eventually die
Stop dividing once
they come in
contact with other
cells
Contact Inhibition
Function
Are specialized to
perform their
function
Cancerous Cells
Don’t die
Continue to divide
even when they are
touching many
other cells
Turn into an
immature form of
the cell so that it
can’t perform its
function

A tumour is any build-up of cells that
continue to divide without giving any benefit
to the body

Benign Tumours: don’t harm the other cells

Malignant Tumours: interfere with or
destroy other cells

With cancer, the bad cells crowd out the
good cells and sometimes destroy them
Tumour starts on
the surface of the
organ
This cell has
a mutation
that makes it
divide
rapidly
The tumour
steals
nutrients in
the blood
from
healthy cells
ANGIOGENESIS
The cancer cells go
deeper into the body’s
tissue
Cancer cells are
carried by the blood
to other areas of the
body
Cancer cells starts to
invade other areas of
the body (often lungs,
bones, liver, brain)
METASTASIS
Cancer type
Main sites of metastasis*
Bladder
Bone, liver, lung
Breast
Bone, brain, liver, lung
Colorectal
Liver, lung
Kidney
Adrenal gland, bone, brain,
liver, lung
Lung
Adrenal gland, bone, brain,
liver, other lung
Melanoma
Bone, brain, liver, lung,
skin/muscle
Cancer type
Main sites of metastasis*
Ovary
Liver, lung
Pancreas
Liver, lung
Prostate
Adrenal gland, bone, liver, lung
Stomach
Liver, lung
Thyroid
Bone, liver, lung
Uterus
Bone, liver, lung,
Cancer Type
Estimated New
Cases (2010)
Estimated Deaths
(2010)
Lung (Including
Bronchus)
222,520
157,300
Prostate
217,730
32,050
Female: 207090
Male: 1,970
Female: 39,840
Male: 390
142,570
51,370
Bladder
70,530
14,680
Melanoma
68,130
8,700
Breast
Colon and Rectal
Cancer Type
Estimated New
Cases
Estimated Deaths
Non-Hodgkin
Lymphoma
65,540
20,210
Kidney (Renal Cell)
Cancer
49,504
11,084
Thyroid
44,670
1,690
Endometrial
43,470
7,950
Pancreatic
43,140
36,800
Leukemia
43,050
21,840



1 million
Tobacco  _________cancer
deaths per year
600 000
Alcohol  __________cancer
deaths per year
200 000+ cancer deaths
Air Pollution  __________
per year
Studies show that consuming
large quantities of red meat,
preserved meats, and salt...
increases the risk of stomach and
colorectal cancers
World Health Organization (Oct 2015):
each 50 gram (average sandwichsized) portion of processed meat
eaten daily increases the risk of
colorectal cancer by 18%.
1) Your Genes

Only for SOME cancers:
ex. breast, ovarian and colorectal
tumour
mammogram
2) Your Environment

CARCINOGENS are factors that cause
cancer
ex. asbestos, certain chemicals (solvents), UV
radiation
3) Your Choices

Sometimes we expose ourselves to
carcinogens
ex. cigarette smoke,
tanning beds,

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer/environment/page3

90% of lung cancer
is associated with
tobacco use

1 pack per day =
25x more likely to
get lunch cancer
cancerous
Cigarette, cigar,
and pipe smoking
have been linked
to more than a
dozen types of
cancer, including
lung, mouth,
bladder, colon,
and kidney
cancers.
Heavy drinkers
have an increased
risk of cancers of
the mouth, throat,
liver, voice box,
and esophagus
Together, obesity
and physical
inactivity are linked
to about 30 percent
of the cases of
colon, endometrial,
kidney, and
esophageal cancers,
as well as 30 percent
of breast cancers in
older women.
Human Papillomavirus
Certain strains of human papillomavirus
(HPV), which are sexually transmitted,
are the primary causes of cervical and
anal cancer. Women who begin having
sexual intercourse before age 17, or
who have multiple sexual partners,
are at greatest risk of HPV infection.
HPV may also be responsible for some
cancers of the head and neck.
Hepatitis B and C
The hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses
are major causes of liver cancer
worldwide

Antioxidants:
chemicals that protect
your body’s cells from
damage
Ex: vitamins A, C or E
Plant chemicals or minerals

Found in vegetables,
fruit, whole grain
bread, pasta and
cereal,
beans, lentils, nuts, seeds,
vegetable oils, garlic, and
green tea
Make good choices
Figure 2.1: Number of new cases and rates, by age and sex,
all malignant neoplasms (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer), UK, 2007
3,500
50,000
3,000
Female cases
Male rates
40,000
2,500
Female rates
2,000
30,000
1,500
20,000
1,000
10,000
500
Age at diagnosis
75+
65-74
55-64
45-54
35-44
25-34
0
15-24
0
under 15
Number of new cases
Male cases
Rate per 100,000 population
60,000