Transcript Ch 21 Clicker Questions

CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
URRY • CAIN • WASSERMAN • MINORSKY • REECE
21
The Evolution of
Populations
Questions prepared by
Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast
James Langeland, Kalamazoo College
Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans
Roberta Batorsky, Temple University
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
SECOND EDITION
In evolutionary terms, an organism’s fitness is measured
by its _____.
A. stability in the face of environmental change
B. contribution to the gene pool of the next
generation
C. genetic variability
D. mutation rate
E. health
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In evolutionary terms, an organism’s fitness is measured
by its _____.
A. stability in the face of environmental change
B. contribution to the gene pool of the next
generation
C. genetic variability
D. mutation rate
E. health
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Red short-horned cattle are homozygous for the red
allele, white cattle are homozygous for the white allele,
and roan cattle are heterozygotes. Population A consists
of 36% red, 16% white, and 48% roan cattle. What are
the allele frequencies?
A.
B.
C.
D.
red  0.36, white  0.16
red  0.6, white  0.4
red  0.5, white  0.5
Allele frequencies cannot be determined unless the
population is in equilibrium.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Red short-horned cattle are homozygous for the red
allele, white cattle are homozygous for the white allele,
and roan cattle are heterozygotes. Population A consists
of 36% red, 16% white, and 48% roan cattle. What are
the allele frequencies?
A.
B.
C.
D.
red  0.36, white  0.16
red  0.6, white  0.4
red  0.5, white  0.5
Allele frequencies cannot be determined unless the
population is in equilibrium.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in the following example: Some moths on a
tree are easier to see due to their lighter color and
therefore are eaten by predators more often.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in the following example: Some moths on a
tree are easier to see due to their lighter color and
therefore are eaten by predators more often.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in this example: Female sailfin blennies (a
fish) tend to choose males with either a large sailfin on
top of their heads or the best flicking motion of their
sailfin.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in this example: Female sailfin blennies (a
fish) tend to choose males with either a large sailfin on
top of their heads or the best flicking motion of their
sailfin.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in this example: Due to global warming, a
river has dried up, allowing two different rabbit
populations, which were isolated before, to mate with one
another.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is
being violated in this example: Due to global warming, a
river has dried up, allowing two different rabbit
populations, which were isolated before, to mate with one
another.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
large population size
no mutation
no gene flow
random mating occurring
no selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The textbook discusses how the conversion of quality
habitat into farmland has greatly depleted the greater
prairie chicken populations and, as a result, their genetic
diversity. Which of the following occurred in this
example?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
founder effects
mutation
natural selection
gene flow
bottlenecking
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The textbook discusses how the conversion of quality
habitat into farmland has greatly depleted the greater
prairie chicken populations and, as a result, their genetic
diversity. Which of the following occurred in this
example?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
founder effects
mutation
natural selection
gene flow
bottlenecking
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate what type of selection is occurring in the
example here: Due to less snowfall in an area, white mice
are predated on more than intermediate- or dark-colored
mice.
A. directional selection
B. disruptive selection
C. stabilizing selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate what type of selection is occurring in the
example here: Due to less snowfall in an area, white mice
are predated on more than intermediate- or dark-colored
mice.
A. directional selection
B. disruptive selection
C. stabilizing selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate what type of selection is occurring in the
example here: During a drought, it was discovered that
finches with large beaks and those with small beaks were
more successful due to the food sources available.
A. directional selection
B. disruptive selection
C. stabilizing selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Indicate what type of selection is occurring in the
example here: During a drought, it was discovered that
finches with large beaks and those with small beaks were
more successful due to the food sources available.
A. directional selection
B. disruptive selection
C. stabilizing selection
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The frequency of cystic fibrosis, a recessive genetic
disease, is 1 per 2,500 births among Northern Europeans.
Assuming random mating, what is the frequency of
carriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1/2,500, or about 0.04%
1/50, or about 2%
1/25, or about 4%
The frequency cannot be calculated because selection
violates Hardy-Weinberg assumptions.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
The frequency of cystic fibrosis, a recessive genetic
disease, is 1 per 2,500 births among Northern Europeans.
Assuming random mating, what is the frequency of
carriers?
A.
B.
C.
D.
1/2,500, or about 0.04%
1/50, or about 2%
1/25, or about 4%
The frequency cannot be calculated because selection
violates Hardy-Weinberg assumptions.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Until the 1950s, infants born with cystic fibrosis did not
survive longer than a few months. If the frequency of
carriers was 4% in the year 1900, what proportion of CF
alleles was eliminated in one generation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
100%
50%
4%
2%
 0.1%
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Until the 1950s, infants born with cystic fibrosis did not
survive longer than a few months. If the frequency of
carriers was 4% in the year 1900, what proportion of CF
alleles was eliminated in one generation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
100%
50%
4%
2%
 0.1%
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A high proportion of the cats on Key West have extra
toes (polydactyly). What is the most likely explanation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
high rate of mutation
founder effect
bottleneck effect
directional selection for extra toes
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A high proportion of the cats on Key West have extra
toes (polydactyly). What is the most likely explanation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
high rate of mutation
founder effect
bottleneck effect
directional selection for extra toes
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution requires _____ in order to occur.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a large population
heritable variation
nonrandom, differential reproductive success
a long time
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Evolution requires _____ in order to occur.
A.
B.
C.
D.
a large population
heritable variation
nonrandom, differential reproductive success
a long time
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the ultimate source of new heritable variation in
populations?
A. sexual reproduction (e.g., independent assortment,
recombination, random mating)
B. gene flow (e.g., immigration/emigration)
C. selection (e.g., for favorable traits, against deleterious
traits)
D. mutation (e.g., new alleles from errors in
replication/recombination)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
What is the ultimate source of new heritable variation in
populations?
A. sexual reproduction (e.g., independent assortment,
recombination, random mating)
B. gene flow (e.g., immigration/emigration)
C. selection (e.g., for favorable traits, against deleterious
traits)
D. mutation (e.g., new alleles from errors in
replication/recombination)
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an example of heritable
genetic variation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a protein translated incorrectly from an mRNA
a base-pair substitution in an exon
a 100-base-pair duplication in an intron
a 3-base-pair deletion in a promoter
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is not an example of heritable
genetic variation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a protein translated incorrectly from an mRNA
a base-pair substitution in an exon
a 100-base-pair duplication in an intron
a 3-base-pair deletion in a promoter
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Below are listed genotypic frequencies for four
populations at the H locus. Which population(s), if any,
are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Population HH
Hh
hh
A
0
1.0
0
B
0.5
0
0.5
C
0.33
0.33 0.33
D
0.25
0.50 0.25
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Below are listed genotypic frequencies for four
populations at the H locus. Which population(s), if any,
are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Population HH
Hh
hh
A
0
1.0
0
B
0.5
0
0.5
C
0.33
0.33 0.33
D
0.25
0.50 0.25
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Below are listed genotypic frequencies for four
populations at the W locus. Which population(s), if any,
are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Population WW Ww
ww
A
0.81 0.18 0.01
B
0.16 0.48 0.36
C
0.49 0.42 0.09
D
0.01 0.18 0.81
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Below are listed genotypic frequencies for four
populations at the W locus. Which population(s), if any,
are at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Population WW Ww
ww
A
0.81 0.18 0.01
B
0.16 0.48 0.36
C
0.49 0.42 0.09
D
0.01 0.18 0.81
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allele frequencies for the ABO blood type among North
Americans are estimated at f(IA) = 0.27; f(IB) = 0.06; f(i) =
0.67. Assuming HWE conditions for this locus, what is the
expected frequency of blood type O?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.67
0.134
0.449
1.0
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allele frequencies for the ABO blood type among North
Americans are estimated at f(IA) = 0.27; f(IB) = 0.06; f(i) =
0.67. Assuming HWE conditions for this locus, what is the
expected frequency of blood type O?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.67
0.134
0.449
1.0
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allele frequencies for the ABO blood type among North
Americans are estimated at f(IA) = 0.27; f(IB) = 0.06; f(i) =
0.67. Assuming HWE conditions for this locus, what is the
expected frequency of blood type A?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.27
0.073
0.362
0.435
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Allele frequencies for the ABO blood type among North
Americans are estimated at f(IA) = 0.27; f(IB) = 0.06; f(i) =
0.67. Assuming HWE conditions for this locus, what is the
expected frequency of blood type A?
A.
B.
C.
D.
0.27
0.073
0.362
0.435
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In some regions where malaria is endemic, the frequency
of the sickle-cell allele is maintained as high as 10% due
to heterozygous advantage.
If modern technology were to completely eradicate
malaria but not alleviate sickle-cell disease, what would
be expected to happen to the sickle-cell allele frequency in
subsequent generations?
A. remain near 10%
B. gradually drop toward zero
C. drop slightly, then restabilize
D. rise slightly, then restabilize
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
In some regions where malaria is endemic, the frequency
of the sickle-cell allele is maintained as high as 10% due
to heterozygous advantage.
If modern technology were to completely eradicate
malaria but not alleviate sickle-cell disease, what would
be expected to happen to the sickle-cell allele frequency in
subsequent generations?
A. remain near 10%
B. gradually drop toward zero
C. drop slightly, then restabilize
D. rise slightly, then restabilize
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.