Transcript GENETIC ENGINEERING

GENETIC ENGINEERING
SC B-4.9 EXEMPLIFY WAYS THAT
INTRODUCE NEW GENETIC
CHARACTERISTICS INTO AN
ORGANISM OR A POPULATION BY
APPLYING THE PRINCIPLES OF
MODERN GENETICS
 CN Page 112 Notebook
 EQ: How has technology allowed humans to
genetically alter an organism?
Changing the Living World
 Selective breeding:
allowing only those
individuals with
desirable traits to
reproduce
 Humans use it in
animals, plants, &
other organisms
SELECTIVE BREEDING
Hybridization
 A breeding technique
that involves crossing
dissimilar individuals
to bring together the
best traits of both
organisms
 Usually are:
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Hardier
More disease tolerant
Inbreeding
 The continued
breeding of
individuals with
similar traits
 Increases the
incidence of recessive
traits
Increasing Variation
 Breeders can
increase genetic
variation in a
population by
inducing
mutations (the
ultimate source of
genetic variation)
 Bacteria
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Small size, short life
cycle makes them easy
to radiate  get
desirable mutation
Example: Bacteria
used in oil spills digest
oil
 Plants
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Polyploidy induced by
chemicals
Bananas, Citrus Fruit
Key Questions
 How does selective breeding work?
 Why would inducing mutations in an organism be a
good idea?
Applications of Genetic Engineering
 Possible to transfer
genes from one
organism to another
 1st
done in 1986
by Howell
 transferred gene
from firefly 
tobacco plant
Transgenic Bacteria
 Bacteria reproduce rapidly & easy to grow
 use restriction enzymes to open bacterial
plasmid or loop of DNA then insert gene
 used to make human forms of proteins
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Insulin
Growth Hormone
Clotting Factor
How Restriction Enzymes Work
Restriction Enzyme Explanation
 http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/007
2421975/196644/restriction_endonucleases.html
Transgenic Animals
 Mice produced with
human genes that
makes their immune
systems act like
humans

Scientist able to study
effects of diseases or
treatments on mice
before testing on
humans
 Some livestock now
have extra copies of
gene for Growth
Hormone  grow
faster & produce
leaner meat, more
milk
Transgenic Animals
Genetic Engineering
http://www.instruction.greenriver.e
du/mcvay/es204/es%20docs/anima
tions/transgenic_plants.swf
CLONING
 A clone is a member
of a population of
genetically identical
cells produced from a
single cell
 Example:
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
Cloned colonies of
bacteria (easy)
Multicellular
organisms (difficult)
Use of
cloning in
humans
raises
serious
ethical &
moral
issues
Issues in Biology
 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/engineer/transg

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en.html
text book page 330:
1) read the information
2) list the risks & benefits of GMOs
3) Write at least 3 complete sentences giving your
opinion about whether stricter regulations are
needed; give reasons for your opinion.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
 using technology to make many copies of desired
gene or DNA sequence
DNA “Fingerprinting”
using Gel-Electrophoresis
 http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter1
6/animations.html#