Transcript BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING

Part 3
BASICS OF INHERITANCE
 DNA
is the
hereditary
molecule
 BLUE PRINT for
all traits
 Universal and
Interchangeable
DNA EXTRACTION LAB
HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
 Coiled
strands of
DNA
 23 pairs of
chromosomes
 23 from ♀ egg
 23 from ♂ sperm
I. Sexual reproduction

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II. Hybrid
Offspring produced by the mating of
different species.
 Every cell contains DNA from both species
 Can you name some hybrid animals?
Peekenese and a poodle = peek-a-poo
 Horse and a donkey= mule


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Wolf/dog hybrid
Liger or tigon
Zonkey or zedonk
Llamal llama/camel hybrid
III Chimera
Produced in the laboratory
 EMBRYO FUSION- see article on "GEEP"
 Draw diagram of hybrid and chimera

IV IN VITRO FERTILIZATION
Test tube babies
 Procedure
female injected with hormones to cause
ovulation of many eggs
 Male donates sperm
 Egg and sperm are mixed in a dish in a
lab to create embryos
 Embryo implanted in surrogate mother

Test Tube Babies
 In
Vitro
Fertilization
(IVF) and
Embryo
Transfer
(ET)
 20%
success rate
Can be used for :
 Infertile
couples
 Experimentation
 Increase the population of
endangered species
 QUESTION? What do we do with
the left over human embryos?
V. Surrogate Motherhood
Make it exciting
Twins: Identical vs. Fraternal

Diagram in your notes.
Identical
Fraternal
 Ethics: Theory of right and wrong.
Defines what is good for the individual
and society
 Morals: Practicing right and wrong
Questions from Article
1. What is the danger of being able to
create embryos?
 2. Advantage / Disadvantage of IVF and
ET?
 3. What is an ethical question raised w/
frozen embryos?
 4. What was the problem raised w/ the
death of the American who died and left 2
frozen embryos?

VI Genetic Engineering and
Moving Genes
-Human Genome Project (video) HGP
READ pg. 236
 -(HGP)sequence all the base pairs in
the human genome (2-3 billion pairs)

(100,000
genes)
 -genome -all the possible bases in a
species or individual

 gene-
DNA sequence that codes for a
protein. The protein may lead to a
visible trait (I.e. eye color, hair texture,
blood type etc)
 Genetic Disease- disease caused by
a defective or mutant gene.
Considered hereditary, if it can be
passed on to the next generation (i.e.
Huntingtons, Sickle Cell are major
examples)
MOVING GENES (the basics)

Recombinant DNA involves 4 steps

Procedure
1. DNA is cut and desired gene is removed
 2. gene is attached to a vector for delivery
into another cell
 3. cloning - multiple copies of the gene are
made by allowing the host cell to multiply
 4. screening- cells with the new gene are
sorted from the multitude produced

BT Corn
Insulin
from
bacteria
Artificial
insemination
or embryo
transfer
How is the DNA cut?
 Restriction
enzymes- recognize a
specific DNA sequence and cuts
it at every location
 How
is the DNA delivered? Viruses,
yeast or plasmid can be used.
 A plasmid is a loop of DNA that are
independent of the main DNA of a
bacteria cell.
 The same restriction enzyme is used to
open the plasmid.
 Nucleotide pairs on the end of the gene
and plasmid join in a complimentary
fashion.
 The gene is now part of the host’s DNA
How is the DNA separated?

electrophoresis
KIDS, CARS AND $$$$$
VIII Moral and Ethical issues
WHY IS THIS BEING DONE?
 HOW IS THIS BEING DONE?
 WHO OR WHAT CAN IT BE DONE
TO?

Cloning Around
(reproductive cloning)
All
SOMATIC CELLS
(body cells) contain DNA
blueprint for the individual
organism
Any cell can behave like a
ZYGOTE to produce an
entire individual
HISTORY OF CLONING
 1953
 1996
 2002
 2003
 2005
frog
sheep
cat
horse
dog
277
82
841
ATTEMPTS BEFORE
SUCCESS
CLONING BASICS
Reproductive
Cloning is
expensive and
inefficient
 CC cost $50,000
 Horse 1/841 .12%
 Sheep 1/277 .36%

STEM CELL RESEARCH

What’s so special
about Stem
Cells?
 Biological
immortality
 Pluripotentcan become
any of 220
cell types
Therapeutic potential
○Pancreas beta cells to
produce insulin to relieve
diabetes
○Dopamine producing cells in
the brain to relieve
Parkinson’s disease
○Regrowth of missing limbs
ADULT STEM CELLS
“cells in adult tissues that are
undifferentiated”
 Multipotent (can become many of the
220 cell types)
 Sources

 bone marrow, umbilical cord,
 hair follicle, skin,
 adipose cells, More are known
Most well know example of Adult Stem Cell…
bone marrow stem cells