Transcript CH 8
CH 8 Human Development Developmental Psychology = the study of how people change over a lifespan Themes in our lives are common (It is universal most babies crawl: 7 & 8 months) It is how those “themes” are played out that make us individual (The style the baby crawls… Hands/Knees, Head/Toes, Military style) Predictable patterns in our lives: Example: Children walk about 1 years old (Over time all kinds of things happen… Mom said, “Brandon was running and skipping at 1”) 3 Key Themes in Developmental Psychology 1. Psychodynamic Factors ** Our lives are influenced by factors beyond our control. Are people the way they are because of Nature or Nurture? Nature/Heredity (Genes inherited from biological parents) Biological/No Choices ** Tell me when I decided to be a white woman? Vs Nurture/Environment Non-Biological/Choices ** What are you going to do in the future? 2. Critical Periods = Periods during which a child is most sensitive to environmental influences Example: Language Development & Prenatal Development (3 weeks after conception) 3. Basic Stages of Development Childhood Friendships (2-12) = Sharing Activities Adolescent Relationships (12-18) = Sharing Thoughts & Feelings Early Adulthood (18-65) = Intimate/Family Relationships Late Adulthood (65 +) = Relationships with Friends & Family One may have rather abrupt transitions from one stage of development to the next BUT for the most part our physical, mental, & social changes occur gradually Begin as One CELL Many things make-up a cell In the nucleus of every cell in your body are 23 pairs of chromosomes that represents a unique genetic blueprint One cell divides millions of times to create you CHROMOSOMES 2 types of sex chromosomes (X & Y) 23 chromosome from each parent 23rd chromosome determines a persons sex GENE Chromosomes are made up of genes; passed on from generation to generation “genetic instructions” DNA “Blue-Print” characteristics (eye color, hair & height) Heal yourself; DNA regenerates (younger you are the greater your regenerative powers) Here is a thought you will want to forget; “Your parents having sex” Think of each parent having a bowl of alphabet soup on their side of the bed Creating their offspring is like a “crap-shoot”. MOM randomly scoops up 23 different chromosomes from her bowl and DAD randomly scoops up 23 chromosomes from his bowl to create a unique offspring Chromosomes Female’s Ovum Sex Cells X Male’s Sperm + Female’s Ovum X = XX (Female Offspring) Male’s Sperm X + Y = 23 + 23 = 46 XY (Male Offspring) Women do not produce eggs; just release the eggs. Females are born with all the eggs they will have throughout their lifespan. Women only carry X chromosomes. Therefore, males determine the sex of a child. Men use and produce sperm all the time. We all start off as female. Did you ever wonder why males have nipples? In a nutshell, the clitoris of a female turns into the penis of a male and the ovaries of a female drop down and become the testicles of the male. Female sperm are shaped differently than male sperm, making it easy to filter out ones gender of choice for artificial insemination. We receive 1 gene from each parent (Dominate or Recessive) Genotype = Genetic Makeup of a particular individual Phenotype = Traits that are actually displayed Example: Mom = Dominate Gene Dad = Recessive Gene D (No Dimples) d (Dimples) d Mother D d dd Father Dd Genotype (Genetic Make-Up) Dd D dD DD 25% chance for offspring to get 2 recessive genes and gain a recessive gene trait. Dominate genes win 75% of the time. Phenotype (Traits Displayed) Offspring will have “NO Dimples” Sex-Linked Recessive Characteristics X chromosome = Carries more genes than the Y chromosome Males are more likely to have: Red-green color blindness Congenital night blindness Hemophilia (inability of the blood to clot properly) Brown tooth enamel Surrounded by DNA Trivia 1. Paternity Tests Yes, it is possible: 2 “white” individuals can have a “black” offspring 2. Solve Criminal Cases 3 Phases (Germinal, Embryonic & Fetal) 1. Germinal Period First 2 weeks of prenatal development Single cell (fertilized egg or “zygote”) develops into a cluster of cells (called an “embryo”) at the end of the 2 weeks 2. Embryonic Period 3rd week to end of 8 weeks Rapid growth Organs & major systems form Initial sex organs Receives nutrients, oxygen, water & gets rid of wastes through the “umbilical cord” The umbilical cord attaches the embryo to the “placenta” (disk-shaped tissue on the mother’s uterine wall. The placenta acts as a filter to prevent some, but not all, harmful substances that might be present in the mother’s blood from reaching the embryo Greatest sensitivity to “teratogens” Teratogens: Harmful agents or substances that can cause abnormal development or birth defects. Examples: Exposure to radiation Toxic chemicals (mercury) Diseases (rubella, syphilis, genital herpes & AIDS) Drugs (alcohol, cocaine & heroin) 3. Fetal Period rd 3 month to delivery rd End of 3 month = fetus can move arms, legs, mouth & head th 4 month = the mother can feel the fetus move th 5 month = distinct sleep-wake cycles th 6 month = brain activity becomes similar to that of a newborn baby Final 2 months = fetus doubles in weight (extra body fat will help the newborn adjust to changing temperatures outside the womb Newborn (1st behavior is mostly limited to reflexes that increase chances for survival) Voluntary Reflexes Rooting Reflex = infant turns toward the source of the touch & opens ones mouth (cheek touching mothers breast) Sucking Reflex = touching the newborn’s lips evokes sucking Grasping Reflex = infant will grip your fingers so tightly that infant can be lifted upright Stepping Reflex = When a newborn is held upright with their feet touching a flat surface, the infant moves their legs as if trying to walk ** Voluntary Reflexes will disappear after 1st few months & be replaced with Voluntary Behaviors Newborn Senses Vision Least developed sense at birth Can only see close objects (6 to 12 inches) Fuzzy for the 1st several months An Infants visual preference is the human face The human face holds the attention/gaze longer than any other images Hearing Can distinguish between human voices. A newborn knows the difference between his mother’s voice and that of another woman Smell An infant quickly becomes sensitive to the sent of his mother’s body Life Stage Conflict 1. Infancy 0-1 Trust Vs Mistrust Not every child is taken care of… Thousands of children are given to the state yearly. Some babies are neglected and abused. Erikson is saying; if one does not get needs met as a baby they may grow to lack trust from others. Life Stage Conflict 2. Toddlerhood 1-3 Autonomy Vs Doubt Want to be independent and do things on their own. Time for “Potty Training” Caregiver may get mad at child (teaching child doubt) or give them the “tools” to learn to use the potty (teaching them autonomy) Life Stage Conflict 3. Early Childhood 3-6 Initiative Vs Guilt More independence. Time to get dressed on our own “Tag goes in the back” Do not get angry (teaching child guilt) when the child throws clothes on floor. Show child how to clean up mess (teaching them initiative). Life Stage Conflict 4. Middle & Later Childhood 6 - 12 Industry Vs Inferiority Primary school. Grades… Do not cry over bad grades. Teach child to do diligent work by helping them work through the problem. Life Stage Conflict 5. Adolescence 13 - 18 Identity Vs Role Confusion H.S. Drama… (Who Am I?) Run from group to group looking for someone to take you in (Go to jocks, nerds , stoners). I am 18; “I can do anything I want.” Life Stage Conflict 6. Young Adulthood 19 - 40 Intimacy Vs Isolation Graduate…No more posy. Do not hang with H.S. friends. Intimate relationships become important or one become “isolated” “Bills” Welcome to adulthood Family secrets (you were adopted / grandma did time) Life Stage Conflict 7. Middle Adulthood 40 - 65 Generativity Vs Stagnation Career, feeling good “Now what do I do?” Give back to community Life Stage Conflict 8. Late Adulthood 65 – 100 + Ego Integrity Vs Despair Death or despair Children Look back to view accomplishments “Sensorimotor” 0 – 2 1. Voluntary reflexes change around 3 months to voluntary behaviors 2. Notice Environment 3. Label Things (Doggy) 4. Object Permanence – Ability to know something is still there even though you can not see it. Example: Child has object permanence when: “Where is Mom?” The child knows mom is somewhere and begins to cry for mom. “Preoperational” 2 – 7 1. Child can Symbolize (know what symbols mean) Example: Mom is on phone – shhhh with finger to mouth & points to “time out” 2. Intuitive: “why” – No Boundaries 3. Naturally Egocentric: “Me, Me, Me - I, I, I” (Stuck on Self) Example: Learning to Share 4. Uses Fantasy & Imagination Example: Now child understands life enough that he/she can give life to inanimate objects (Santa, Tooth Fairy, Monsters) Example: Girls have tea parties Continue… “Preoperational” 2 – 7 5. Foreign Language – Very Receptive Example: Parents just talked to child - Parent did not teach English 101 ** Use foreign language tapes early… Put Spanish channel on ** U.S. has it backwards: we teach our kids foreign languages in high school or college 6. Reasons with Dominant Perceptual Images Example: Lack of Conservation Take 2 glasses the same size. Put the same amount of liquid in the glasses and ask the child if the glasses have the same amount of liquid. The child will most likely say, “yes”. Then, take 1 tall skinny glass and pour the liquid from one of the 2 glasses into the tall glass. Put the short and tall glass together and ask the child which glass has more now. Even though the same amount of liquid is in the different sized glasses; the child will always say the “tall glass” has more. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLj0IZFLKvg “Concrete Operations” 7 – 11 1. Work Basic Puzzles 2. Classification Example: Dogs Types 3. Enumeration Example: Divide M&M’s 4. Spatial Order Example: Put in order: Smallest to Tallest 5. Basic Thinking “Formal Operations” 12 – + 1. Abstract of Philosophical Thinking 2. Advanced Thinking: Hypothetically & Abstractly Example: Love or Passion about something