Transcript Genetic Engineering and Biotechnologies NOTES

Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology
1. Selective Breeding
•Process of breeding plants or animals in
the same species for particular genetic
traits.
•Oldest form of genetic engineering.
Purpose of Selective Breeding:
• to isolate and propagate the genotypes
that are responsible for a plant or
animals desired qualities in a suitable
environment.
• to develop livestock and crops whose
desirable traits have strong heritable
components and can therefore be
propagated.
• To modify livestock and poultry to meet
consumer demands.
Purebreds
Crossbreeds
b. Crossbreeds are a mix of two
purebreds to create a combination
of desired characteristics from each
breed.
Poodle
Labrador Retriever
+
Labradoodles
=
CRISPR-Cas9
1. What is CRISPR-Cas9?
2. How does CRISPR-Cas9 work?
3. In what type of organisms is CRISPRCas9 normally found and why do these
organisms have it?
4. How do geneticists hope to use CRISPRCas9 in the future (3 ways).
5. Why is the use of CRISPR-Cas9
controversial?
2. Cloning
• To make an identical copy of a
gene, organ, or entire organism
a. Gene Cloning
- involves Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR)
or CRISPR-Cas9
- a gene of interest is located & copied from a
DNA strand that was extracted from an
organism.
-Discovered in 1983 by Kary Mullis
(Won Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1993 for this work)
- Cloned genes can then be spliced into the
DNA of many organisms to create GMO’s
Uses for Gene Cloning
1. Gene Therapy
-a technique for correcting defective
genes responsible for disease
development.
-A “normal” gene may be inserted
into a location on the DNA to
replace a nonfunctional gene.
- CRISPR/Cas9 will hopefully be used
in the future on somatic cells
-A virus is often used to transfer the
“normal” gene.
Uses for Gene Cloning
2. Production of Medicine
-cloned genes are spliced into the DNA of
another organism (often a bacterium)
-the genetically altered organism (GMO transgenic) now produces the protein
the new gene codes for.
- Source of insulin, human growth
hormone, human clotting factor, cancer
treatment drugs, and many others.
b.Therapeutic Cloning
- Involves the use of stem cells
important to biomedical researchers
because they can be used to generate
virtually any type of specialized cell in
the human body.
- used to grow tissues and organs
as replacement parts or for
treat of a disease.
c. Reproductive Cloning
- To make
a complete genetic copy of an
existing or previously existing organism.
- Uses Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
(SCNT)
DNA Fingerprint
• Invented in 1984
• Technique used to create an image
of a portion of DNA to compare 2
or more DNA samples.
Used for:
• For paternity testing
• For forensics
- to match a crime scene sample to a suspect
- to identify a body
• To look for evolutionary relationships among
organisms
• To test for genes associated with a particular
disease.
DNA Fingerprinting
• Created with Gel Electrophoresis:
- a technique used for the separation
of DNA, RNA, or protein molecules
using an electric field applied to a gel
matrix.
NOVA DNA Fingerprinting simulation
Gel Electrophoresis
4. Genetically Modified
Organisms
• (GMOs) can be defined as organisms (i.e.
plants, animals or microorganisms) in which the
genetic material (DNA) has been altered in a
way that does not occur naturally by mating
and/or natural recombination.
• Also called Transgenic organisms
• Typically created by adding genetic material
from another species of organism.
Genetically Modified
Organisms
• Produced for use in medical research and/or to
create a new trait in a species.
• Example = GMO Goats Making Stuff Stronger
– Modification = spider silk protein gene has been
inserted into the goat’s DNA. The goat milk then
contains the spider silk protein which can then be
isolated and tested.
– Purpose = production of large quantities of spider
silk protein which is incredibly strong.
GMO Goats
• Making Stuff Stronger
• http://www.pbs.org/video/1701025927/
• starts at 42 min.
Genetically Modified
Organisms