Transcript Unit 19 - Biotechnology

Biotechnology
To accompany Georgia Middle School Lessons on
Biotechnology
Written by: Christina M. Spears
Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Office
July 2003
Objectives
• Define Biotechnology
• Compare and contrast biotechnology and
genetic engineering
• Explain how biotechnology helps increase
production
• List uses of biotechnology in plant and
animal science
• Explain historical uses of biotechnology
What is DNA?
• Hereditary
information stored in
chromosomes
• Stored as sequence of
nucleotides
• Five carbon base sugar
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogenous base
(c)
http://whyfiles.org/075genome/images/d
na.gif
What is Biotechnology?
• Management of biological systems for
benefit of humanity
• Applied to general sciences
Uses of Biotechnology in Plant
and Animal Science
• Cloning
• Herbicides
• Increasing shelf
life
©
http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/genomics/5_reshap
ing/images/dolly.jpg
Biotechnology vs Genetic
Engineering
Biotechnology
• All subjects of science
• Bigger picture
Genetic Engineering
• Genetics
• Gene splicing,
replication, and
transfer of genes
• More concentrated
How does Biotechnology
increase Production?
• Develop new forms of plants and animals
• Modify plants and animals to improve their
life processes
• Improving the quality of food
• Longer shelf life for perishables
Historical Uses of Biotechnology
•
Earliest techniques were
used to make cheese and
wine
•
•
•
Spoiled milk
fermented to make
cheese
Grape juice
fermented to make
wine
Today…we not only
see wine and cheese
but also yogurt and
bread made from
processes of
biotechnology
Activity
• THE OLD RED DOG WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS
BED
• Have a deletion that would delete the D in
OLD…sentence look like
• THE OLR EDD OGW AST OOB IGF ORH ISB
ED
• If mutation caused inversion of word DOG…
• THE OLD RED GOD WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS
BED
Intro to Biotechnology
Lab Activity!!
• Making Yogurt
Review handout on it
Form groups of three people and work
together to make the yogurt
Two-day activity
Biotechnology
Biotechnology in Plant Science
Objectives
• Identify biotechnologies in
plant science
• Discuss importance of
biotechnology to humans
• Explain the impact of
cloning on plant science
• Identify how manipulation
of chromosome number
affects plant
characteristics
(c)
http://www.myjanee.com/images/photoalbum/flora/
marigolds.jpg
Assignment
• In groups of three research one plant
biotechnology
•
•
•
•
Hybrids
Herbicides
Genetic engineering
Number of chromosomes
Discussion
• What are some biotechnologies used in
plant science?
• How will these biotechnologies help plants?
• Identify some negative impacts of
biotechnology use in plants
• What is the danger of using herbicides?
• How can grain be produced more efficiently
with the use of nitrogen?
Number of Chromosomes
• What is polyploidy?
• Contain more than one
haploid set of
chromosomes (n)
• How does polyploidy
affect plants?
• About 30-70% of
angiosperms are
polyploids
• Peanut is 4n, Banana and
apple 2n or 3n, and cotton
is 4n
• Deliberate polyploidy in
marigolds, snapdragons,
and watermelons
(c)
http://www.mahyco.com/images/c
otton.jpg
Lab Assignment
• Asexual Propagation:
• Cuttings
• Layerings
• For assignment:
• Students break up into lab groups
• Each group given a plant for stem tip cutting
Biotechnology
Biotechnology
In Animal Science
Objectives
• Identify examples of
biotechnology in animal
science
• Interpret
magazine/newspaper and
Internet articles about
biotechnology
• Describe how cloning
affects animal science
• Explain how the number
of chromosomes
influences animal
characteristics
(c) http://www.advancedcell.com/pg_page1.html
Assignment
• In groups of three you will research a topic
on biotechnology in animal science
• After your research, your group will present
your topic to the class
Discussion
• What are some biotechnologies used in animal
science?
• How will these biotechnologies help in the
productivity of animals?
• What are the impacts of these biotechnologies on
the environment, consumer health, and animals?
• How will these biotechnologies benefit humans?
• What is cloning and how will it impact animal
science?
Epistasis
• Define epistasis.
• Having one or more genes
that mask the effect of the
dominant gene
• Example: In Labrador
Retrievers, BB/Bb gives
black, bb gives brown,
EE/Ee gives normal coat
color, and ee gives yellow.
Cross BBEE with
bbEE, what is the
F1 generation?
Now cross the F1
generation, what is
the F2?
© www.belquest.com/ homelogo02.jpg
Polyploidy
• What is polyploidy and what kinds of
animals are polyploids?
• Polyploidy means having one or more set of haploid
chromosomes (n).
• In animals this phenomenon is rare, but one does see
it in reptiles, amphibians, and insects
• In the September 1999 issue of Nature, scientists
revealed they found a tetraploid (4n) rat in Argentina
Biotechnology
Genetic Engineering
Objectives
• Explain genetic engineering
• Describe a procedure of
genetic engineering
• Identify the process of DNA
fingerprinting
• Complete the DNA
fingerprinting lab
• Explain how genetic
engineering is applied in
agriculture
• Cite examples of genetic
engineering uses in
agriculture
©
http://www.sierraclub.org/biotech/report.
asp
Genetic Engineering
• What is genetic engineering?
• Also called recombinant DNA technology or gene
manipulation. Two major techniques: 1) Genes are
engineered into organisms such as microbes,
bacteria, for mass-production and 2) insertion of
select genes into organisms to improve their
genotype
• Identify a procedure of genetic engineering.
• 1) Isolate the genes, 2) Recombination, 3)
Transformation, 4) Screening, and 5) Induction
Gel Electrophoresis
• Uses an electric current to
separate various fragments
of DNA to different
lengths on the gel.
• DNA fragments are
attracted to the positive
side of the gel
• The larger fragments
migrate slower than the
smaller fragments
(c)
http://medlib.med.utah.edu/block2/biochem/Formosa
/Figures/Lecture6/6-01%20Agarose%20gel.GIF
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
• How is genetic engineering
applied to agriculture?
• Crops have been developed
that resist insect damage and
spoilage. Some species of
plants have the ability to kill
off weeds surrounding them.
Scientists now insert a gene to
prolong the shelf life of fruits
and vegetables.
• What are some uses of genetic
engineering in agriculture?
• Black walnut has ability to
kill off surrounding weeds in
its area. Once this gene is
isolated, scientists can apply
it to other plants. Tomato has
a gene to increase its shelf
life.
(c) http://www.isu.edu/pics/treewalk/blackwalnut1.gif