Transcript File
Using Biotechnology Unit 3 Chapter 16 Lesson 5 Biotechnology: Meaning & Use Use of biological processes to develop new or better plants or animals Uses genetics and DNA of organisms to improve the organisms Different views and opinions of practices Includes many diverse areas including agrisciences, genetics, microbiology, chemistry, and computer science Synthetic Biology Science of creating lifelike characteristics with chemicals Creation of vesicles Tiny sphere-shaped structures with cell-like characteristics Biotechnology Issues Issue: problem or idea with opposing sides Main issues Uncertainty: frighten people, may harm environment, don’t want “strange” things in the world Dangers: fear that biotechnology could create “monsters” in plant and animal species Want “Natural”: Want things the way they are found in nature. Issues Continued Unhealthy: Some believe that GMO foods are not as healthy or safe for the body Altered Nutrients: could activate health and allergy issues in some people or species Harm to Handlers: some believe that GMO foods could be dangerous to handle or cook Labeling: some people want GMO foods clearly labeled Issues Continued Ethical / Religious Beliefs: Some people and religions believe that changing natural organisms is bad or “playing GOD” Lack of Information: Need accurate, unbiased information to make informed, intelligent choices Areas of Biotechnology Organismic Deals with intact or complete organisms Molecular Deals with changing the structure and parts of cells Creates transgenic organisms: organism with altered genes Genetically Modified Organism – another name for transgenics Cloning Plant Tissue Culture Growing of plants using single cells or small groups of cells Create identical copies of parent (donor) plant Embryo splitting Cutting 7 day embryo in half and placing in two separate recipient mothers Identical twins Cloning Apomixes Growing plants using the DNA of unfertilized seeds Occurs in nature Greater Fertility Superovulation Giving hormones to a female to make her over produce eggs for reproductive purposes How people end up have 5-8 babies at one time Embryo transfer Removing an embryo from its mother and placing it into a donor mother Quality genetics in livestock Reproduction in sterile people Genetic Variation Sources Crossing over Mutations Genetic Drift. Crossing Over Produces a chromosome that is totally different from the original chromosomes of both parents Takes place during Meiosis Two chromosomes intertwine and exchange one end of the chromosome with the other Genetic Variation Mutations Takes place when an organism undergoes a spontaneous genetic change during replication. Nucleotides of a chromosome are altered Can be passed to offspring Gene mutation in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division called cancer. Also, exposure of cells to certain chemicals and radiation increases mutations and thus increases the chance of cancer. Basal Cell Carcinoma (Cancer) of the Nose Genetic Variation Genetic Drift Passage of traits or genes between populations Prevents high occurrences of mutation Random variation occurs because the genetic population is small, Leads to the proliferation of specific traits within a population Example Population in the colonial history of Martha's Vineyard An unusually high occurrence of deafness among it's inhabitants Result of genetic drift The population was so small that differing traits from outside populations could not enter in Karyotype A picture of the chromosomes in a cell that is used to check for abnormalities Humans: 46 chromosomes 23 pairs Pairs by similarities in banding. Common Genetic Disorders Color blindness Cystic fibrosis Body cannot control blood Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) Defect causes body to produce sticky mucus Hemophilia Cannot see certain colors Impairs physical and mental development Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY) Displays both male and female traits Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21) Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)