Transcript Biotechnology Glow Genes

Test:
Tues. 2/14
protein
synthesis,
biotech,
pGlo lab,
mutations
Genetically
modified mice have
been crucial to
deciphering
mechanisms of
disease.
Biotechnology
Review what you Know...
Selective Breeding—uses naturally
occurring genetic variation (produces
desired traits)
Inbreeding—crossing similar genotypes
(produces undesirable traits) ex: dogs,
plants, cattle
Hybridization—crossing different genotypes
(horses + donkeys = mules)
Mutations—changes in DNA **Ultimate
source of genetic variation**
Genetic
Engineering
Technique used to identify
and/or alter genes at a
molecular level
Making changes to DNA
Faster method
Requires equipment and $$
Types of Genetic
Engineering
DNA Fingerprinting by gel
electrophoresis
Transformation of DNA
Transgenic organisms
GMOs
Cloning
Gene therapy
Pest resistant
cotton & corn
DNA Fingerprinting
Unique system of bands that represent
segments of DNA that were cut with restriction
enzymes
Look for matching bands to identify individuals or
determine paternity
Suspect 1
Suspect 2
Crime scene evidence
Transformation of DNA
DNA from one organism is taken into another
(sometimes unrelated) organism
Requires:
Restriction enzymes—cut DNA at specific
sites
Vectors—”DNA Taxis” to move the gene
(usually a virus or plasmid)
Restriction Enzymes
Regognize DNA palindromes (reads the same
forward and backwards)
EX:
RACECAR
Cut at specific sites
How Restriction Enzymes Work
Plasmid Vectors
Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA
Sections can be removed, manipulated, and
reinserted (gluing back into DNA using base
pair rule)
Plasmid Vectors
Producing a Transgenic Organism
Transgenic Animals
Cows that produce more milk, less
lactose
Chickens that grow faster, larger
Spider goat—use silk protein (from
spider gene) in goat milk to produce
bulletproof vests, artificial tendons,
clothing
Cloning
Glow Genes As Markers
Green fluorescent protein
(GFP) derived from jellyfish
Provides permanent markers
that follow the cancerous cells
as they grow or spread
throughout the body.
The glow-in-the-dark cats have been
created by scientists working on Aids
PGlo gene
The source of the pGlo gene is from the bioluminescent jellyfish,
Aequorea Victoria which allows the jellyfish to fluoresce and glow in
the dark. E. coli can be transformed to express this gene (make the
GFP protein) and cause the E. coli to glow green when exposed to
UV light.
GMOs & GM Foods
Transgeneic/Genetically modified
foods
Crop plants created for human or
animal consumption using the latest
molecular biology techniques.
Plants have been modified in the
laboratory to enhance desired
traits
Pest resistance, cold tolerance,
nutrition, disease resistance,
drought tolerance
Cloning
Sheep
1
Donated egg has
nucleus removed
Fertilized using
electricity with a
diploid cell
Implanted into
surrogate mother to
grow and develop
Clones—
because DNA
came from
sheep 2
Sheep
2
Sheep
2 clone
Sheep
3
Gene Therapy
Changing a gene that causes a genetic disorder
Bad gene is replaced with a working (good) gene
that makes the needed protein
Common vector is a virus that has been
genetically altered to carry normal human DNA
Ex: targeting cancerous cells, treat genetic
disorders such as Huntingtons, Leukemia, Cystic
Fibrosis, Sickle Cell Anemia, Diabetes
Gene Therapy