Transcript advances in genetics

ADVANCES IN GENETICS
Sequencing DNA
• Before we can produce organism’s with
desired traits, we must first sequence
DNA.
• What do we call the process of
sequencing DNA?
– DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
• Application of knowledge:
From your readings, how is DNA
fingerprinting used in today’s world?
Advances in Genetics
• As humans, we are capable of producing
organisms with certain desirable traits?
• Identify the methods that allow us to do
this:
– Selective Breeding
– Genetic Engineering
– Cloning
What is selective breeding?
• The human practice of breeding animals
or plants that have certain desired traits.
• What are some examples of selective
breeding from our articles?
Selective Breeding Interesting Fact!
• Is that a fact!? As a result of selective breeding,
the smallest horse if the Falabella, which is only
about 76cm tall. The largest is the Shire,
originally bred in England. The Shire can grow to
mare than 1.73m high at the shoulder and weigh
as much as 910kg.
What is
SELECTED BREEDING?
• Breeding: males and females mate to
produce offspring
• Selective breeding: people choose
organisms (males and females) with
desired traits to produce offspring with the
desired traits
Dogs That Changed The World
• Watch this video on how selective
breeding has changed the Saluki breed
throughout history.
• Speedy Saluki
• Answer this question in your notebook:
Why is it important for the Bedouin people
to selectively breed Saluki for
speed and sight?
Dogs That Changed The World
• Think, Write, Share
• Ask yourself: Are there any “cons” to selectively
breeding dogs for certain traits?
• Write your answer on your paper
• Share and discuss your answer with your table.
Watch this video: Hard-Wired
• Discuss any changes you would make to your
previous answer after watching this video.
What is
SELECTED BREEDING?
• Farmers SELECT and
save the BEST corn
seeds.
• The seeds are
planted the next year
to grow better tasting
corn.
Selective Breeding
• Imagine this: You are a farmer. You
support your family financially by growing
corn. Your neighbor also grows corn, so
you must compete with him to have the
best corn in town!
• How can you use selective breeding to
increase your profits in future years?
Selective Breeding
• Another type of selective breeding is
called Hybridization.
• Hybridization: the controlled breeding of
organisms with different genes in order to
produce offspring with both desired traits.
Selective BreedingHybridization
• Schnauzer + Poodle = Schnoodle
SELECTED BREEDING
• HYBRIDIZATION
• Two different types
of colored corn
produce corn with
BOTH colors
• Corn resistant to
insects is crossed
with corn that has
lots of kernels.
SELECTED BREEDING
• Inbreeding:
organisms (males and
females) with
SIMILAR genes mate
to produce offspring
with similar traits
• Possible problems:
“bad” genes are also
passed to the new
generation
What is Genetic Engineering?
• The manipulation of individual genes
within organisms.
• Also called “gene splicing” because a DNA
molecule is cut open, and a gene from
another organism is spliced into it.
Genetic Engineering
• Genes may be even transferred from one
organism to another!
• What article did you read that discussed
this form of genetic engineering?
– Green Flourescent Protein! GFP was
transferred from jellyfish into many different
organisms (fruit flies, mice and rabbits).
Genetic Engineering
• Use your prior knowledge and your
article readings to help you answer this
question:
• In what ways can we use genetic
engineering?
Genetic Engineering
• Watch these videos on how genetic
engineering is an integral part of today’s
agricultural processes.
• 3rd and 5th: History's Harvest: Genetic
Engineering and Agriculture
• 4th and 6th: History's Harvest: Genetic
Engineering and Controversy
Genetic Engineering Interesting
Fact
• Did you know? Gene therapy is an
experimental field of medical research
in which defective genes are replaced
with healthy genes.
• One way to insert healthy genes
involves using a delivery system called
a “gene gun” to inject microscopic gold
bullets coated with genetic material.
• Genes and DNA: Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
A Gene Gun!
What is cloning?
• Cloning is the process of producing an
organism with an EXACT copy of another
organism’s DNA.
• In what ways was cloning described in the
articles you read?
What is CLONING?
• CLONING: scientists produce an offspring
that has the EXACT same DNA as one
adult
1. Scientists remove the DNA from an EGG cell
2. Scientist put the DNA from an adult cell into
the egg cell
3. Scientists put the EGG into a female animal
to grow
4. The offspring is an EXACT COPY of the adult
Hello, Dolly!
• OL: Watch this video on Dolly, the first
mammal ever cloned.
• Hello, Dolly: One Controversial Sheep
• AC: Watch this video on the process of
cloning Dolly the sheep.
• Genetics: Cloning
GENETIC ENGINEERING
• Genes from one organism are transferred into
the DNA of another organism.
• Also called “gene splicing” because a DNA
molecule is cut open, and a gene from another
organism is spliced into it.
• WHY? Produce medicines, improve food crops,
may cure genetic disorders.
• Gene therapy – process of inserting working
copies of gene into a person’s cell. The person
has a genetic disorder.
Trace the process of cloning
Dolly
After watching the video and reading, list the four steps
scientists performed in order to clone Dolly the sheep.
1. Scientists remove the nucleus from
one of Dolly’s EGG cells
2. Scientists put the nucleus from an
adult cell into the egg cell
3. Scientists put the EGG into a female
animal to grow
4. The offspring is an EXACT COPY of
the adult