Transcript Protein - UDKeystone

4 Categories of Organic Molecules
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Fats/Oils/Steroids
Glucose/Fructose
Starch/Cellulose
Molecules of
LIFE
Proteins
Biochemicals
Enzymes/Structure/
Movement/Antibodies
(CHONPS)
Nucleic Acids
(DNA/RNA)
1.
2.
H
H
O
H
N
C
H
N
N
C
N
H
H
Amino
group
3.
OH
OH
R
Carboxyl
(acid)
group
O
P
N
O
CH2
O

O
Phosphate
group
4.
H
H
H
H
OH
H
Sugar
H
N
Nitrogenous
base (A)
What is an example of a monomer
and polymer?
Answer: starch is a polymer made
from the monomer glucose.
What is peak enzyme reaction temp?
What is peak reaction pH for pepsin and trypsin?
Factors Affecting Enzymatic Speed
• Temperature and pH
• Substrate concentration
• Enzyme concentration
The Water Molecule
Slightly Positive
(+)
Electrons hang out
more often near
around the oxygen
atom.
Covalent bonds
between oxygen and
hydrogen.
Slightly Negative (-)
Polarity – water is polar because of an uneven
distribution of electrons between oxygen and
hydrogen.
Hydrogen Bonds
• Because of their partial charges water molecules
become attracted to each other by weak hydrogen
bonds
•Hydrogen bonds are not as strong as ionic or covalent bonds
•Cohesion – attraction between molecules of the same substance
•Adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances.
Other Unique Properties of Water
• High specific heat
• Expansion on freezing
• High surface tension
Cells and Cell Transport
Two categories of cells
Prokaryotic
-No Nucleus
-Less complex
Eukaryotic
-Cell wall
(plants and
bacteria)
-Smaller Ribosomes less -Cell membrane
complex
-DNA
-Cytoplasm
-DNA is circular
-Nucleus
-Complex
-Membrane bound
organelles
- Ribosomes larger and
complex
-Ribosomes
-DNA is linear
Vesicles
• Structure: membrane bounded sac
• Function: transports and/or stores cellular products
Ribosomes
• Structure: Small and grain-like, made of
large and small subunits
• Function: produce proteins from
directions given by DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Structure: a maze of membranes
• Rough ER: (ribosomes imbedded in
membrane) produces and transports proteins.
Golgi Apparatus
• Structure: A stack of membranes
• Function: to modify, sort and package
materials (often proteins) from the ER
for storage or to be transported outside
the cell.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Energy
You can’t go
to the beach
and feel
energized
by the sun –
you need a
hot dog!
Why?
Mitochondria
“Powerhouse of the Cell”
Found: In the cytoplasm
Structure: Rod-shaped with a folded
double membrane
Function: Provide the cell with energy.
Chloroplast
Found: In plant cells
Structure: Stack of membranes that contain
photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll)
Function: Use energy from the sun to make
carbs (photosynthesis)
Energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Light
energy
6 CO2
+
6
Carbon dioxide
C6H12O6
H2O
Water
+
Glucose
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
O2
6
Oxygen gas
RESPIRATION:
C6H12O6
Glucose
+
6
O2
Oxygen gas
6
CO2
Carbon
dioxide
+
6
H2O
Water
+
ATPs
Energy
Energy
Protein Synthesis - Overview
– The DNA of the gene is transcribed into RNA
• Which is translated into protein
• The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to
Protein is called the CENTRAL DOGMA
DNA
Transcription
RNA
Translation
Protein
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
Central Dogma - FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA
TO PROTEIN
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
FLOW IS FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN
• Genes on DNA are expressed through proteins, which
provide the molecular basis for inherited traits
• A particular gene, is a linear sequence of many
nucleotides
– Specifies a polypeptide (long protein made of amino
acids)
Protein Synthesis (Overview)
Genes - discrete units of hereditary
information comprised of a nucleotide
sequence found in a DNA molecule.
DNA to DNA
DNA to RNA
Strand to be transcribed
T
A
C
T
T
C
A
A
A
A
T
C
A
T
G
A
A
G
T
T
T
T
A
G
U
A
G
DNA
Transcription
A
U
G
A
A
G
U
U
U
RNA
Start
condon
Stop
condon
Translation
Polypeptide
Met
Lys
Phe
RNA to protein
– The subunits of a ribosome
• Hold the tRNA and mRNA close together
during translation
tRNA-binding sites
Large
subunit
Growing
polypeptide
tRNA
mRNAbinding site
Small
subunit
mRNA
Codons
Genetics
• Alleles – different forms of a gene
– Ex. From pea plants:
alleles T or t = tall (T) and short (t)
• Homozygous – organisms that have 2
identical alleles for a particular trait
• True-breeding for a particular trait
– Ex: TT or tt
Genetics
• Heterozygous – organisms that have 2
different alleles for the same trait
– Hybrid for that trait
– Ex: Tt
Phenotype – physical
characteristics
Ex: tall, short, yellow, green
Genotype – genetic make-up
Ex: TT, Tt, tt
Other Patterns of Inheritance
• Genes can act in various ways
1. Dominant vs. Recessive – one allele
completely masks another allele.
2. Incomplete Dominance
1. Definition : one allele is not completely
dominant over another
Ex: flowers – white x red flowers = pink
flowers
Beyond Dominant and Recessive
Codominance
– Definition: both alleles contribute to the
phenotype of the organism
Ex: chicken feather – black and white alleles
= black and white feathers
Colors don’t blend like incomplete dominance
Multiple Alleles
• Definition: more than two alleles
• (more than 2 alleles exist in a population
not an individual)
Ex: rabbit’s coat color
Ex: human’s blood type
blood-type donors and recipients
Polygenic Traits
• Definition: traits that are controlled by 2 or
more genes
Ex: fruit fly red eyes - 3 genes involved in
making pigment
– Diff. combo of genes produce different eye
colors
Ex: Human skin color – more than 4 different
genes
Gene Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
• Types of chromosomal mutations:
– Deletion: The loss of all or part
of a chromosome
– Duplication: A segment is
repeated
– Inversion: part of the
chromosome is reverse from its
usual direction.
– Translocation: one
chromosome breaks off an
attaches to another
chromosome.
Meiosis and Mitosis
Ecology -Levels of Organization
Food Chains and Food Webs
SUN
Autotrophs
Heterotroph
1. Food Chain – energy trapped by
producers passed on when organisms eat
and are eaten
2. Food Web – relationship more complex
than a chain
Trophic Levels and Ecological
Pyramids
Evolution – Natural Selection
Evolution – Natural Selection