Transcript DNA Technology

DNA Technology
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DNA Extraction
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Chemical treatments cause
cells and nuclei to burst
The DNA is inherently
sticky, and can be pulled
out of the mixture
This is called “spooling”
DNA
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Cutting DNA
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Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific
sequences
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Different people have different genetic codes
so each person will have different sized pieces
left over
Cuts at restriction sites which is a specific
set of nucleotides that form a palindrome
Useful to divide DNA into manageable
fragments for analysis
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Electrophoresis
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DNA can be separated based
on size and charge
 The phosphate groups are
negatively charged
 Sizes are based on the
results of restriction
enzymes
DNA is placed in a gel and
electricity is run through
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Electrophoresis
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DNA is negative so it
moves toward the
positive end
Smaller fragments move
farther and faster
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Crime scene analysis
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Paternity Testing
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Copying DNA
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What to do if the sample size
is small?
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Also called PCR
A method of making many copies of a piece
of DNA
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PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made
from a small starting sample
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Cloning
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Clone- a member
of a group of
genetically
identical cells
May be produced
by asexual
reproduction
(mitosis)
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Cloning “Dolly”
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Born July 5, 1996
Had three mothers
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One provided the egg
One provided the DNA
One carried the baby
Died at 6.5 years old (normal
life span is 11-12 years) from
cancer thought to be
unrelated to being a clone
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Cloning organisms
A body cell from one organism
and an egg cell from another are
fused
 The resulting cell divides like a
normal embryo
 Human clones in the future?
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Human Genome Project
(Video)
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Human Genome Project
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Started in 1990
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46
chromosomes)
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
Conducted by scientists around the world
All data was made freely and rapidly available on
the Internet, accelerating the pace of medical
discovery around the globe.
This spurred a revolution in biotechnology
innovation around the world and played a key role
in making the U.S. the global leader in the new
biotechnology sector.
In April 2003, researchers successfully
completed the Human Genome Project, under
budget and more than two years ahead of
schedule.
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What we learned …
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The Human Genome Project
has already fueled the discovery
of more than 1,800 disease
genes.
Researchers can now find a
gene suspected of causing an
inherited disease in a matter of
days, rather than the years.
There are now more than 2,000
genetic tests for human
conditions.
At least 350 biotechnologybased products are currently in
clinical trials.
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What we hope to learn …
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Much work still remains to be done. Despite
many important genetic discoveries, the genetics
of complex diseases such as heart disease are
still far from clear.
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The Cancer Genome Atlas
(http://cancergenome.nih.gov/), aims to identify all the
genetic abnormalities seen in 50 major types of
cancer.
Be able to create drugs that are much more effective
and cause fewer side effects than those available
today.
NIH (National Institute of Health) is striving to cut the
cost of sequencing an individual’s genome to $1,000
or less. Having one’s complete genome sequence will
make it easier to diagnose, manage and treat many
diseases.
The increasing ability to connect DNA variation with
non-medical conditions, such as intelligence and
personality traits, will challenge society, making the
role of ethical, legal and social implications research
more important than ever.
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