Transcript The Reformation and Scientific Revolution

The Reformation and
Scientific Revolution
Rethinking Our Place in the Universe
A Fork in the Road:
• People were getting
access to books and
writing in the
vernacular.
• People were traveling
again, trading, and
exchanging new
ideas.
• A wealthy merchant
class was developing
that wasn’t part of
feudalism.
A Fork in the Road
• Why would the
Church not like these
things?
• Why would some
kings not like these
things?
• Would some kings
maybe like these
changes?
Understand: Thinking “differently”
from others could be very, VERY
dangerous!
“Humanism”: Where it all started
• An intellectual movement
• A focus on classical Greek and Roman
culture
• Focused on worldly subjects rather than
religious subjects
• Emphasized the study of the “humanities:
grammar, rhetoric (the study of using
language effectively), poetry and history
What was the Protestant
Reformation?
• In the 1500’s, the N.
Renaissance sparked
a call for big changes
within the Roman
Catholic Church
• Humanism caused
people to question the
Church, and the
printing press gave
them the means
Church Abuses during the
Middle Ages
• Popes and Kings
struggled for political
power.
• The Church always
wanted to expand.
• Popes lived lavishly and
churches were
beautiful.
• (The Basilica, Krakow,
Poland, 1300’s)
SOME popes began to live more
like princes.
• Pope Alexander VI
– Pope 1492 – 1503
– Had two loves in his
life:
• Gold and Women
• Most “famous”
children
–Cesare Borgia
»Model for
Machiavelli’s
THE PRINCE
–Lucretzia Borgia
Lucretzia Borgia
• An active participant
in her family’s
excesses?
• “Slimed” by her
family’s enemies?
• Supposed expert at
poisons?
– "THE
“CANTARELLA,"
DEADLY POISON
OF THE BORGIA,'
The Borgias are still with us in
2008!
• I was going to come
home for an evening
of fun with my
extended family. What
do I get? I get the four
of you going at each
other like the Borgias
on a bad day!
– Frasier
If that wasn’t bad enough!
• The church increased
fees and sold
indulgences
– payment to reduce
time a soul would
spend in purgatory
before going to
heaven.
Early Revolts Against the
Church
• 1300’s, in England,
John Wycliffe used
sermons & writings to
seek change.
• Managed to die of a
stroke – but the
Church ordered his
corpse to be
burned.
• Jan Hus , Czech
Republic, executed for
leading a reform
movement.
Fifty years later: Martin Luther
(1483 – 1546)
• German Monk, professor of
theology.
• Led a holy life.
• Final straw when a priest sold
indulgences in order to rebuild a
cathedral in Rome.
• The indulgences got
yourself and dead family into
Heaven.
Martin Luther
• Indulgences meant that
often peasants did not have
hope to go to heaven.
• Created the 95 Theses
• (arguments against
indulgences.)
Response to what Luther did?
• Pope Leo X
excommunicated Luther.
– Made it impossible for
Martin Luther to ever
go to heaven if he
believed in such
HERESY.
• HERESY: An
opinion or a
doctrine differing
with established
religious beliefs.
Not only was the Pope mad – the
Holy Roman Emperor was upset!
• Charles V, summoned
Luther to the City of
Worms & asked him to
recant
Luther (cont)
• Luther refused to
recant and was
made an outlaw.
• Luther had
thousands who
followed him and
renounced the
Pope.
Luther’s Teachings
• All Christians have access to God
through faith and the Bible -- we
don’t need elaborate ceremonies.
• Wanted ordinary people to be able
to read the Bible (so translated it)
• Towns should have schools so kids
can read the bible.
• Banned indulgences, confession,
pilgrimages, and prayers to saints.
• Encouraged ex-priests to live as
men and have families.
The Spread of Lutheranism
• The printing press
spread his ideas.
• Lutherans became
called “Protestants”
– for those who
protested against
the Pope.
What Luther began was about a hundred
years of warfare in Europe over Religion
• Catholic v. Protestant
• Protestant v. Catholic
• Protestant v.
Protestant
• Country v. Country
Attempts at Peace: The Peace of
Augsburg: 1555
• Emperor Charles V
tried to force Luther
back into the Catholic
Church
• After several short
wars they reached a
settlement.
• Agreement allowed
every prince to
decide which religion
would be followed in
his lands.
Religious map of Europe
Swiss Reform
• John Calvin, priest and
lawyer, published a book
on how how to run a
Protestant church.
Shared Luther’s ideas, but
had some ideas of his
own.
John Calvin
John Calvin
• He preached
PREDESTINATION:
• that God had already
determined who would be
saved
• The world was divided into
two• -saints and sinners
• Only those who were saved
could live truly Christian
lives.
• See pg. 64, compare the 3
religions/copy chart
Geneva
• Protestants in city-state of
Geneva, Switzerland, asked
Calvin to lead their
community.
• Calvin established a
theocracy
• Government based on
religion
• The community considered
selves the “chosen people,” &
faced fines or harsh
punishment for fighting,
swearing, dancing, laughing in
church. -- model community!
The Spread of Calvinism
• Reformers from all over
Europe visited Geneva &
took home ideas
• Calvinism spread into
parts of Germany,
France, the Netherlands,
England and Scotland.
• There were wars between
the countries above and
the catholic church.
• Throughout Europe,
Calvinists clashed with
Lutherans and Catholics
The Catholics React:
• If you wanted to make
people believe in your
religion again, what
would you do?
Catholic Reaction to the
Reformation
• The Inquisition
– Make people fear!
• Reform of the abuses
in the Church
– Change the
mistakes!
The Inquisition
• “for punishment does not
take place primarily and
per se for the correction
and good of the person
punished, but for the
public good in order that
others may become
terrified and weaned
away from the evils they
would commit."
– 1578 justification
The Catholic Reform Movement:
The Council of Trent in 1545
• Reaffirmed Catholic
belief that salvation
comes through faith
and good works.
• Admitted there was
corruption that had to
end in the Church
• Sought better
education for priests.
The Jesuits
• “Soldiers of God” with
spiritual and moral
discipline.
• Very educated to combat
heresy.
• Advisors to Catholic
kings.
• Traveled secretly in
Protestant lands to
administer to the
Catholics.
• Traveled to Africa, Asia,
and the Americas to
spread the faith.
Teresa of Avila
• A Spanish noblewoman
who found the convent
she was at was not strict
enough.
• Started her own order for
women to dedicate
themselves to prayer and
meditation
– Live in isolation.
– Eating and sleeping
little.
Teresa of Avila
• The Catholic Church
picked up on her
ideas and used them
to reform monasteries
and convents.
Differences between Protestants
and Catholics continue in 2008
• Intellectual
disagreements
• Violence still
happens.
– Northern Ireland
While people were battling
over issues of religion …
Something was happening
that would change
EVERYTHING.
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
What was so dangerous?
• The Reformation had
people rethinking their
relationship with God.
The Scientific Revolution
• Had people rethinking
our position in the
universe.
• Science and the
Bible.
Four Men that took the Red Pill • And led all of
humankind down the
rabbit hole.
– Nicholas
Copernicus
– Tycho Brahe
– Johannes Kepler
– Galileo Galilei
After The Library of Alexandria
burned:
• The Church in the
Dark and Middle Ages
took an “Earth
Centered” view of the
Universe.
– Man was at the
center of
everything.
Early Christianity’s Main Points about the earth
and the relationship to the sun and stars.
• Uniqueness
• Centrality
• Fixity
The Problems This View Created?
• It was WRONG!
• Trying to track the
path of planets got
VERY confusing.
– It didn’t fit the
perfect circles.
The first to say the Earth was not
the center?
• Giordano Bruno (1548 –
1600)
• Suggested a
HELIOCENTRIC system:
– The SUN was the
center of the system,
NOT the earth.
• Questioned the
relationship between
science and faith.
Giordano Bruno was declared a
heretic
• Burned at the stake.
Nicholas Copernicus
• Polish mathematician
and astronomer.
• Picked up on what
Arab and Indian
astronomers had
written about:
– HELIOCENTRIC
System.
• Sun centered
universe
Nicholas Copernicus ( 1473 –
1547)
• Did NOT publish his
ideas until he was on
his deathbed!
• Also thought if he
dedicated his book to
the Pope, it would
help.
Copernicus On the Revolution of
Heavenly Spheres.
•
There is no one center of
all the celestial circles or
spheres.
• The center of the earth is
not the center of the
universe, but only of
gravity and of the lunar
sphere.
• All the spheres revolve
about the sun as their
mid-point, and therefore
the sun is the center of
the universe.
It was three years after Copernicus died
before people realized his ideas
• Denounced the theory as
being against the
absolute truth of the
Bible.
• In its full text it was
prohibited reading for
Catholics.
• 1633 Galileo was
convicted of grave
suspicion of heresy for
"following the position of
Copernicus, which is
contrary to the true sense
and authority of Holy
Scripture,"[
Along comes Tycho Brahe:
• 1546 – 1601
• Danish nobleman
who had a passion for
astronomy.
• To prove Copernicus
WRONG, there
needed to be detailed
observations of the
movement of the
planets over years.
Tycho Brahe
• Lost his nose in a
duel over a
mathematic equation.
– Didn’t help that he
was drunk and the
sword fight was in
the dark.
– Wore a silver or
gold nose that he
colored to look like
flesh.
Tycho Brahe
• Kept an observatory in
Hven, Denmark.
• Entertained royalty and
others and invited them to
watch the night sky with
him.
– No telescopes yet!
– Naked eye
observations that were
INCREDIBLY accurate
• Tycho’s Tame Elk
story.
Tycho Brahe’s “unusual” death
• Rule of the time: If dining
with a king, you couldn’t
leave the table until the
king was finished and
ready to get up.
– Tycho really “had to
go.”
• Either he burst his
bladder or
stretched it so bad
an infection set in.
Tycho Brahe’s Death
• "Let me not seem to
have lived in vain.”
Tycho Brahe’s Records:
• Incredibly detailed in
tracking planetary and
star movement.
• Thought he was going
to prove a
GEOCENTRIC
universe.
– The Earth at the
center.
Tycho Found Problems with the
“fixity” of the universe!
• eternally
unchangeable.
• But in 1578, Brahe
witnessed a
SUPERNOVA!
– A birth of a new
star.
The Tychonic Universe
• the Sun annually
circles a central Earth
• While the five planets
orbit the Sun.
• In Tycho's model the
Earth does not rotate
daily!
Johannes Kepler to the rescue!
• 1571 – 1630.
• Tycho’s assistant.
• Had the math
background that
Tycho didn’t.
• Wanted to read the
Mind of God.
– Math and science
could help him.
• Believed in the
Copernican Theory.
Kepler and the Copernican Theory
• Wanted to believe
that the orbits of the
planets around the
sun were perfect
circles.
• Continue the belief of
the universe:
– Unique
– Centrality
– Fixity
Kepler’s Problem
• He couldn’t make it
WORK!
• The data of Tycho’s
didn’t fit his perfect
circle math!
Kepler’s problem
• Religion said that
the universe was
circular.
• But the math said
it wasn’t.
• WHO SHOULD
HE BELIEVE??
Kepler’s Choice:
• Follow the math.
• ELLIPTICAL orbits
made the math work
with Tycho’s
observations!
– But they weren’t
perfect!
– They weren’t
central!
– They weren’t fixed!
Kepler’s NEW problem
• He thought he had “read
the mind of God.”
• How does he tell people
and not end up dead?
– Kepler’s mother had
been accused of
witchcraft.
– He wasn’t sure he had
royal or religious
protection.
Kepler HAD to tell what he knew!
• Wrote the first
science fiction
work:
• THE DREAM
– Shows the
feasibility of a
heliocentric
system.
• Feasibility =
possibility
– Has a trip to the
moon.
– What it would be
like looking out
from another
planet.
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
• LAW 1:
– The orbit of a
planet/comet
about the Sun
is an ellipse
with the Sun's
center of mass
at one focus
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
• Law 2:
– A line joining a
planet/comet and
the Sun sweeps
out equal areas in
equal intervals of
time
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
• Law 3:
– The squares of the
periods of the
planets are
proportional to the
cubes of their semimajor axes:
Johannes Kepler
• Excommunicated
from the Lutheran
Church.
• Lost his wife and all
but two children to
smallpox.
• Saved his mother
from being burned as
a witch.
Johannes Kepler: The End
• Made a living
teaching astronomy
and astrology*
– Said astrology
“evil-smelling
dung!”
Did some math
writing, but kept a
low profile.
An Earth Centered Universe
• Why would people
think that the Earth is
the center?
• Why would the
Church prefer to think
that man was the
center of the
Universe?
A new way of thinking!
• A shift in thinking to
the assumption
that mathematical
laws governed
nature and the
universe; therefore,
the physical world
could be known,
managed and
shaped by people.
Galileo: The Lightning Rod
• The one who
swallowed the red pill
and REALLY took us
all down the rabbit
hole!
Galileo
• 1564 – 1642
• Italian mathematician,
astronomer.
• “Invented” the
telescope.
• LOVED to create
controversy.
Galileo felt confident in creating
controversy: He had protection!
• Lorenzo “the
Magnificent” de
Medici was his
patron.
– Proved Aristotle
wrong about
gravity.
– Turned his
telescope to the
heavens.
What did Galileo see?
• The universe was NOT:
– Unique
• He found other
moons circling
planets.
– We were not
unique.
– Perfect
• The moon had a
rough surface.
– Fixed
• Supernovas and
sunspots!
Galileo did NOT keep his
observations quiet!
• Wrote The Starry
Messenger to tell
about what he saw.
• Proposed the
Heliocentric system.
Why did Galileo do this?
• Thought with Lorenzo the
Magnificent’s protection
he could be safe and
teach that the universe
was different than how
the Bible interpreted it.
– To be safe: He named
the moons of Saturn
after Lorenzo’s
daughters.
• Io, Europa,
Ganymede, and
Calysto.
Galileo’s Argument:
• “Just look in the
BLEEP! telescope!”
The Catholic Church felt they had
to make a stand and example:
• Western Christian biblical
references Psalm 93:1,
Psalm 96:10, and 1
Chronicles 16:30 include
text stating that "the world
is firmly established, it
cannot be moved." In the
same tradition, Psalm
104:5 says, "the LORD
set the earth on its
foundations; it can never
be moved." Further,
Ecclesiastes 1:5 states
that "And the sun rises
and sets and returns to its
place, etc
Galileo’s Counter Argument:
• “Just look in the
BLEEP telescope!”
• The Bible isn’t wrong,
it is the interpretation
that is wrong.
• It is a
HELIOCENTRIC
universe out there!
Galileo’s Trial for HERESY
• Galileo was required to
abjure the the idea that
the Sun is stationary was
condemned as "formally
heretical.”
• He was ordered
imprisoned; the sentence
was later commuted to
house arrest.
• His offending books were
banned; and in an action
not announced at the
trial, publication of any of
his works was forbidden,
including any he might
write in the future.[
Galileo
• He knew he had
escaped the
worst the
Inquisition could
have done to
him.
• Accepted the
sentence and
died after 9
years either in
prison or house
arrest.
Galileo
• It took until 1835 for
the Catholic Church
to admit the
heliocentric universe.
• 1992 Pope John Paul
II apologized for what
the Church had done.
"most audacious
heroes of research ...
not afraid of the
stumbling blocks and
the risks on the way.”
The Birth of the Scientific Method
• A new way to problem
solve.
The Old Way: Aristotle’s Method
• People used to make
guesses, could not
prove or disprove any
thing, and had vague
theories.
• EXAMPLE: Aristotle
claimed that human
males have more
teeth than females.
The Old Way
• Galileo, Kepler, Tycho
and Copernicus all
battled with the old
methods to try to
explain what they
were discovering.
A New Way: The Scientific Method
• Created by Sir
Francis Bacon (1564
– 1626)
• The method was to
be inductive and
experimental,
amassing data on
important subjects,
classifying them, and
developing from them
wider rules and
hypotheses.
Inductive Reasoning in the
Scientific Method
• 3+5=8 and eight is an
even number.
– Therefore, an odd
number added to
another odd
number will result
in an even number.
• This ice is cold.
– All ice is cold.
The Steps of the Scientific Method
• Observe a condition
or behavior.
• Make a “guess” as to
why that condition or
behavior exists.
• Experiment to see if
you can make it
happen again.
• Analyze the results.
• New “guess” needed
or not?
The Stage was set for the FUTURE
• Newton
• Einstein
• Hawking