Transcript Chapt19 Lecture 13ed Pt 1

Human Biology
Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 19
Cancer
Lecture Outline
Part 1
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1
Cancer
2
Points to ponder
• What are characteristics of cancer cells?
• What are the 3 stages in the development of
cancer?
• What are angiogenesis and metastasis?
• How do proto-oncogene and tumor-suppressor
genes normally act, and how can they become
cancerous?
• Explain different types of cancer, depending on
tissue type involved.
• What are some genetic and environmental
causes of cancer?
• What does CAUTION stand for in regards to
cancer?
3
Points to ponder
• What are some regular screening tests you can
get to help prevent cancer?
• Know how to do self exams.
• What are tumor marker and genetic tests?
• What are some standard treatments for cancer?
• What are some newer cancer therapies?
• What is your opinion on controlling tobacco?
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19.1 Cancer Cells
Characteristics of cancer cells
1. Lack ________________ and do not contribute
to body functioning
2. Have abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and
may have an abnormal number of
_________________
3. Unlimited ability to divide
• One way is through turning on the
telomerase gene that allows telomeres on
chromosomes to continually be built, thus
allowing a cell to divide over and over again.
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19.1 Cancer Cells
Characteristics of cancer cells
4. Form tumors
• __________ tumors are usually
encapsulated and do not invade adjacent
tissue, while a cancerous tumor usually is
not encapsulated and eventually invades
surrounding tissue.
5. Can divide without growth factors
6. Become abnormal gradually through a
multistage process
7. Undergo __________ and ____________
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19.1 Cancer Cells
3 phases in the development of
cancer cells
• __________ – a single cell undergoes a
mutation that causes it to divide repeatedly
• __________ – a tumor develops and cells
within the tumor mutate
• __________ – a cell mutates in such a way
that allows it to invade surrounding tissue
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19.1 Cancer Cells
3 phases in the development of
cancer cells
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epithelial cells
1 mutation
a. Cell (dark pink)
acquires a
mutation for
repeated cell
division.
2 mutations
b. New mutations
arise, and one
cell (brown) has
the ability to
start a tumor.
3 mutations
tumor
c. Cancer insitu.
The tumor is at
its place of
origin .One cell
(purple) mutates
further.
lymphatic
vessel
blood
vessel
invasive
tumor
d. Cells have
gained the
ability to invade
underlying
tissues by
producing a
proteinase
enzyme.
malignant
tumor
e. Cancer cells
now have the
ability to invade
lymphatic and
blood vessels.
distant tumor
Figure 19.2 Progression from a
single mutation to a tumor.
f. New metastatic
tumors are found
some distance
from the original
tumor.
lymphatic
vessel
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19.1 Cancer Cells
What are angiogenesis and metastasis?
• _______________ is the formation of new
blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to
the tumor.
• ____________ occurs when cells move into the
bloodstream or lymphatic vessels and form new
tumors at distant sites from the primary tumor.
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19.1 Cancer Cells
The genetic basis for cancer
• Proto-oncogenes – products promote the cell
cycle and prevent cell death (__________)
• Tumor suppressor genes – products ______
the cell cycle and __________ apoptosis
• Mutations in these genes can cause cancer; in
fact, proto-oncogenes that have mutated are
cancer-causing genes called oncogenes.
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19.1 Cancer Cells
Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce
oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle
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stimulating growth factor
receptor
plasma
membrane
signaling
pathway
cytoplasm
transcription factor
protein that
over stimulates
the cell cycle
nucleus
oncogene
Figure 19.3 Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle.
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19.1 Cancer Cells
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes
cause a loss of cell cycle control
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inhibiting growth factor
receptor
cytoplasm
plasma
membrane
signaling
pathway
transcription factor
protein that
unable to inhibit
the cell cycle
or promote
apoptosis
nucleus
mutated tumor suppressor gene
Figure 19.4 Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control.
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19.1 Cancer Cells
Types of cancer
• _________ is the study of cancer.
• ___________: cancers of the epithelial tissue
• Adenocarcinomas: cancers of glandular
epithelial cells
• __________: cancers of muscle and
connective tissues
• __________: cancers of the blood
• __________: cancers of lymphatic tissues
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19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer
Causes of cancer
• Genetics
• Environmental carcinogens
– Radiation
– Environmental carcinogens (tobacco smoke
and pollutants)
– Viruses
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19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer
Estimated cases of cancer and
cancer deaths in the United States
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Male
Female
Male
Female
prostate
29%
breast
30%
lung and bronchus
29%
lung and bronchus
26%
lung and bronchus
14%
lung and bronchus
14%
colon and rectum
8%
breast
15%
colon and rectum
9%
colon and rectum
9%
prostate
11%
colon and rectum
9%
urinary bladder
6%
uterine corpus
6%
pancreas
6%
pancreas
6%
melanoma of the skin
5%
non-hodgkin lymphoma
4%
leukemia
4%
ovary
5%
non-hodgkin lymphoma
5%
melanoma of the skin
4%
liver and intrahepatic bile duct
4%
non-hodgkin lymphoma
4%
kidney and renal pelvis
5%
thyroid
5%
esophagus
4%
leukemia
3%
oral cavity
3%
ovary
3%
non-hodgkin lymphoma
3%
uterine corpus
3%
leukemia
3%
kidney and renal pelvis
3%
urinary bladder
4%
liver and intrahpatic bile duct
2%
pancreas
3%
pancreas
3%
kidney and renal pelvis
3%
brain and other nervous system
2%
all other sites
20%
all sites 822,300
a. Cancer cases by site and sex
all other sites
18%
all sites 774,370
all other sites
23%
all sites 300,430
b. Cancer deaths by site and sex
all other sites
24%
all sites 271,520
Figure 19.5 Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States.
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