Transcript genetic modification

GENETIC
MODIFICATION
Isabella Naranjo
Nicole Senz
Maria Clara Narvaez
 Genetic
modification is the use of modern
biotechnology techniques to change the genes of
an organism (animal or plant).
 It is used to change an organism to have more
favorable traits.
 GM includes using genes form one organism and
inserting them into another but this is not necessary
to create a GMO.
 GMO can mean that an organism’s own genes are
modified.
Gene transfer
 The
genetic code is universal
 All organisms use the same genetic code.
 if a gene is transferred from one species
to another it should still be transcribed
and translated into the same protein.
 There are some exceptions.
Gene transfer technique
 Stage
1: restriction enzymes are used to cut
out the useful gene that is going to be
transferred. Leaves sticky ends on the sides
of the gene.
• Stage 2: Prepare a vector for the transferred
gene by using plasmids (DNA molecules found
in bacteria). Plasmids are cut by the same
restriction enzyme which leaves on them the
same sticky ends as the ones on the gene.
 Stage
3: The gene is glued into the plasmid using
DNA ligase. This plasmid is called
a recombinant DNA and it can be used as a
vector. In this stage the gene is copied and
combined with the DNA.
 Stage
4: The recombinant DNA is introduced into
the host cell. Many cells remain untransformed but
some cells are transformed to contain the
recombinant DNA. Transformed cells must be
separated from untransformed cells.
 Stage
5: The transformed
cells are isolated and
introduced into a
fermenter to be cloned.
The bacteria with the
recombinant DNA grows
by asexual reproduction
and then the next step is
to isolate and purify the
product (downstream
processing)
Examples
Genetically modified crops
 GOLDEN RICE:
It is a variety of rice, which was genetically modified to
produce beta-carotene and developed as a fortified
food to be grown in areas where there is a shortage of
dietary vitamin A.
Golden rice was created by transforming rice with two
beta-carotene biosynthesis genes:
 psy (phytoene synthase) from daffodil (Narcissus
pseudonarcissus)
 crtI from the soil bacterium Erwinia uredovora
The psy and crtI genes were transformed into the rice
nuclear genome and placed under the control of an
endosperm-specific promoter, so they are only
expressed in the endosperm.
In animals
 The
first transgenic animals were
produced by injecting DNA into eggs,
implanting the eggs in animals and then
waiting weeks or months to see if any
offspring had incorporated the extra DNA.
1. Pigs enriched with Omega3
2. Body parts grown in mice.
Advantages
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Helps in the process of bioremediation which is the process of
cleaning up waste and pollution with the help of living
organisms.
Helps lowering the overall usage of herbicide and pesticide.
Today, genetic engineering can produce sustainable
agriculture.
In humans, genetic engineering is used to treat genetic
disorders and cancer. It also helps in supplying new body parts
Increased production in regions of food shortage.
production of crops with specific dietary requirement such as
vitamins and minerals.
GM animals produce similar effect including higher meat
yields..
Disadvantages
 GM
foods are considered un-natural and
unsafe for human consumption.
 There is a risk that the genes go into the
environment where they may go to other
organisms causing unknown effects.
POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF BT
MAIZE
 Less
pest damage.
 Less land needed for crop production.
 Less use of insecticide sprays.
POTENTIAL HARMFUL EFFECTS
OF BT MAIZE
 Humans
or animals that eat the
genetically modified maize might be
harmed by the bacteria DNA in it.
 Insects that are not pest could be killed.
 Populations of wild plants might be
changed
PRODUCTION OF INSULIN
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 http://tiffanybiology.blogspot.com/2011/1
0/448-outline-basic-technique-usedfor.html
 http://www.slideshare.net/JonathanOLea
ry/ib-biology-genetics
 http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/Foodand-Agriculture/WhatIsGM.aspx