Transcript Genetics & Genomics

Lecture 01 – Genetics
& Genomics: An
Introduction
Based on Chapter 1 – Genetics:
An introduction
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education Inc.
What is Genomic Biology?
• Genomic biology is the scientific study of
organismal genomes.
• A genome is the full complement of
genetic information found in an organism,
i.e. all of the genes of an organism.
• This links the beginnings of Genomic
Biology and the beginnings of Genetics.
• A genome, is also the full complement of
DNA in an organism.
Modern Genetics & Genomics –
The foundation of Genomic Science.
Genetics & Genomics work
has included:
•
Analyzing heredity in
populations.
•
Analyzing evolutionary
processes.
•
Identifying genes that control
steps in processes.
•
Mapping genes.
•
Determining products of genes.
•
Obtaining the DNA sequence of
genes and whole genomes.
•
Analyzing molecular features of
genes and regulation of gene
expression.
Classical and Modern Genetics – Milestones
• Mendel first describes “gene” (1866)
• Chromosomal theory of interitance &
mapping techniques (1911)
• Genetic material is DNA (1944)
• DNA structure prediction (1953)
• Berg (1972) - first recombinant DNA
molecule in vitro.
• Boyer and Cohen (1973) - cloning of a
recombinant DNA molecule.
• Mullis (1986) - polymerase chain
reaction (PCR).
• Genomic sequencing of many viruses
and organisms.
• Powerful new techniques in genetics
raise important ethical, legal, and
social issues that will need thoughtful
solutions.
http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/
2. The Subdisciplines of Genetics & Genomics
• The subdisciplines of genetics:
– Transmission (classical) genetics
– Molecular genetics
– Population genetics
– Quantitative genetics
• Historically, transmission genetics
developed first, followed by population,
quantitative, and finally molecular
genetics, the predecessor of genomics
• The subdisciplines of genomics:
– Structural genomics
– Comparative genomics
– Functional genomics
Genomic Databases
• Genomic databases have become more
sophisticated as computer analysis tools
have been developed.
• The National Center for Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) has an important
website
• We will utilize the NCBI web site
extensively for our laboratories
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
• NCBI includes the following bioinformatic
tools:
• PubMed
• GenBank
• OMIM
• Entrez
• BLAST
• Protein Structure Database
Genetic Maps
Organisms for Genetic and Genomic Research
• Desirable qualities for an
experimental organism include:
– A well-known genetic history.
– A short life cycle so that
generations can be studied in
a relatively short time.
– A large number of offspring
from each mating.
– Ease of growing and handling
the organism.
– Marked genetic variation
within the population.
Organisms for Genetic and Genomic
Research - Eukaryotes
Organisms for Genetic Research
Prokaryotes
Alternative Views on Prokaryotes
The Tree of Life web project, presents a view on there being 3 major
domains of life.
– Bacteria (or Eubacteria) – traditionally part of Prokaryota
– Archea (or Archebacteria) – traditionally part of Prokaryota
– Eukaryota
Click on the left figure above* to go to the Tree of Life (TOL) web page.
– then examine the “roots” of the TOL using the link provided
Click on the right figure above* to go to the UC Museum of
Paleontology web page.
– Then examine the bacteria, archea, and Eukaryota branches in the
figure.
* If you downloaded the ppt from Blackboard, click on the link in the study guide
instead of the figure.