protein synthesis notes
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What do all of these have in
common?
Collagen
Melanin
Hemoglobin
Lactase
Immunoglobulins
Actin & Myosin
They are ALL types of Proteins that do “work” that
contribute to our genetic traits
Protein Synthesis
DNA RNA Proteins
Honors Biology
Ms. Pagodin
Review…
Summarize the structure and function of genes
Describe the function of ribosomes
Differentiate between DNA and genes
Describe the structure and function of DNA
State the base pairing rules
Compare RNA & DNA
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
Single Strand of Nucleotides
5 C sugar is ribose
Uses the N base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
3 Types:
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
An RNA copy of the gene
Carries and delivers genetic info from nucleus to ribosome
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Components of a ribosome
Site of translation
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Acts as an interpreter
Translates mRNA into amino acid sequences
All 3 types of RNA are essential for processing information
from DNA to proteins.. Gene Expression or Protein
Synthesis
Gene Expression
Organisms traits are determined by
proteins
Proteins are assembled according to
genes on DNA
DNA can not leave the nucleus, but
proteins are made in ribosomes,
therefore need an intermediate
messenger… RNA
2 stages:
Transcription – copying DNA info to
mRNA (nucleus)
Translation – mRNA used to build
protein (cytoplasm)
Overview
Transcription
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RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA
Promoter region – specific sequence of DNA that serves as a START
signal
DNA unwinds and 2 strands separate
only 1 side is used as a template
RNA polymerase reads each nucleotide on the 3’ end and pairs it with a
complimentary RNA nucleotide
Same base pairing rules except “U” pairs with “A”
RNA dangles off the enzyme like a tail
Proceeds at 60 nt/sec until RNA polymerase reaches a specific STOP
sequence
RNA is released as a free transcript
mRNA Processing
Introns are cut out before
mRNA leaves the nucleus
mRNA is a copy of exons (coding)
and introns (non-coding) regions
Alternative splicing Introns allow for evolutionary
flexibility, genes to shuffle, and
limits effects of mutations
Add a 5’ cap
Binds to ribosome
Add a 3’ Poly-A tail
100-300 adenine ribonucleotides
Determines how long mRNA will
last in the cytoplasm
Compare Transcription to DNA
Replication
Only part of the DNA strand is unwound and used as a
template
The enzyme RNA polymerase adds ribonucleotides
Results in a single RNA strand
The Genetic Code
Instructions for building a protein are
written as codons on mRNA
Codons – 3 nt that code for a specific
a.a.
Codon chart - a.a. and stop signals
that are coded by each of 64 possible
sequences of mRNA codons
Highly Conserved (Universal) – the
genetic code is the same in ALL
organisms…significance?
Ex. GUC codes for the a.a. valine in
bacteria, dogs, lizards, humans, etc
Reading the codon chart
Translation
tRNA – one loop has 3 nt sequence called an anticodon
Anticodon – 3nt complimentary to codon on mRNA
Enables tRNA to temporarily H-bond to mRNA
No tRNA w/anticodons for STOP codons UAG, UAA, UGA
tRNA also carries the a.a. that corresponds to CODON
Ribosomes
1,00’s in cytoplasm
2 rRNA subunits (large and small) bind together to form
ribosome
3 Binding Sites
A site – where tRNA anticodon binds to complimentary codon of
mRNA
P site – holds tRNA w/ growing polypeptide chain
E site – tRNA exits, leaving a.a. in the “P” site
Translation: Initiation
Initiator tRNA w/ anticodon
UAC binds to small
ribosomal subunit
mRNA start codon binds to
tRNA anticodon and finally
a large ribosomal subunit
binds to the initiation
complex
Translation: Elongation
Translation: Termination
Translation: Assembling the
Protein
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mRNA binds to small rRNA subunit w/start codon,
AUG, in the “P” site
tRNA w/ anticodon UAC and carrying a.a.
methionine binds to start codon
The next codon, in “A” site, binds w/
complimentary tRNA (carrying the corresponding
a.a.)
Enzyme forms a peptide bond between adjacent
a.a.
tRNA in “P” site now exits via “E” site and is
recycled
tRNA in the “A” site moves to the “P” site w/
growing polypeptide chain, mRNA moves w/it,
therefore a new codon is in the “A" site
Process continues until it reaches a STOP codon at
the end of the mRNA, there is no anticodon
W/nothing in the “A” site, the ribosome is
disassembled and the newly made polypeptide is
released
Protein Synthesis
Mutations
Mutation – any change in an organism’s genetic
material
Causes
Mutagens – environmental agents that cause mutations
after exposure
X-rays, UV rays, chemicals
Carcinogens – mutagens that lead to cancer
Asbestos, benzene, tobacco
Types of Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
Alterations in chromosome structure
Deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation
Point Mutations
Just one or a few nt changed in a gene
Substitution – one nt is replaced by a different nt
Ex. UGU UGC (no effect b/c both code for cysteine)
UGU UGA (early STOP codon)
Frameshift mutations
Mutations that cause a gene to be read in the wrong 3 nt sequence
Insertions – one or m ore nt added to gene
Ex. AAU CGC UUU
AGA UCG CUU U
Deletions – one or more nt deleted from gene
Ex. AAU CGC UUU
AUC GCU UU
Note
* If mutation occurs in an intron it will have no effect
*if reading frame is displaced 3 nt, the mutation may have no effect
Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
Prokaryotic Cells – genes are unbroken set of nt
Operon
controls gene expression in prokaryotes
Cluster of genes that code for proteins w/related
functions
Lac Operon
Lac Operon – genes for lactose digesting
enzyme
Only want lactose digesting enzymes when
lactose is present…or else energy is being
wasted transcribing genes
Operator – acts like an on/off switch
If no molecule is bound to operator, then
the gene is “ON” and RNA polymerase can
move across
When a repressor protein binds to the
operator, it blocks the RNA polymerase
from transcribing, genes are “OFF”
Repressor can be removed by inducer (ex.
allolactose), now gene is turned ‘ON”
Trp Operon
Trp Operon – genes
for making
tryptophan
E.coli would
typically get trp
from environment,
therefore gene only
needs to be turned
on when trp is not
present
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
No operons…b/c genes w/similar functions are scattered among
different chromosomes
Multicellular organisms have different types of cells, all somatic
cells contain the same DNA…but what makes them different is
which genes are turned on/off
Ex. Every cell has hemoglobin genes, but only turned “ON” in rbc
Transcription takes place at uncoiled regions of chromosome
RNA polymerase cannot bind w/o transcription factors
Transcription factors are signaled by 20 messengers that bind to
the enhancer site to turn “ON” the gene