Transcript Sammy, Luke Monique

Medical
Technologies
Pathogens/
Disease
Science &
Public Health
Nutritional
Science
Biotechnology
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QUESTION:
• Who is considered to be the first plastic surgeon?
ANSWER:
• Sushruta
QUESTION:
• Explain what a vital sign is and give one example. Also give the
“normal” measurement for a teenager for the example.
ANSWER:
• A vital sign is a sign that is used to prove that the person is
alive. If they are out of their normal range, it could signify
that a problem has or is about to occur. An example is blood
pressure: 115/70mmHg, heart rate: 80-100bpm, body
temperature: 37degrees or breathing rate12-30bpm.
QUESTION:
• Explain the difference between a high-risk medical device and
a low-risk medical device with an example for each.
ANSWER:
• A high-risk medical device is a medical device that could
severely injure/kill a patient if used improperly. Ex incubator,
anesthesia ventilators, oxygen tanks, or diffibulater… A lowrisk medical device is a medical device that can only slightly
injure a patient if used improperly. Ex thermometer or breast
pump…
QUESTION:
• Explain what an assistive device is and name one example.
ANSWER:
• An assistive device is any medical device that improves the
treatment of a patient or improves their condition of life. An
example is a walker, an insulin pump…
QUESTION:
• Explain the path that blood takes through the circulatory
system or the path air takes through the respiratory system.
ANSWER:
Blood: Capillaries in the brainveinssuperior vena cavaright
atriumright ventriclepulmonary arterylungs(exchanges carbon dioxide
for oxygen gas)pulmonary veinleft atriumleft
ventricleaortaarteriesback to capillaries
Air:
Mouth/nosepharynxlarynxtracheabronchibronchiolesalveoli
QUESTION:
•Explain the difference between a prevention and reactionary
measure and provide one example for each?
ANSWER:
•Preventative measures are ways to prevent pathogens from
spreading. Ex/ vaccines, hand sanitizers
•Reactionary measures are things to do once already infected
by a pathogen. Ex/ antibiotics, antifungals
QUESTION:
•Name the 3 lines of defense a pathogen must defeat to cause
illness.
ANSWER:
1. Skin and mucus membranes
2. Non-specific immune responses
3. Specific immune responses
QUESTION:
•Name 3 ways which the Germ Theory impacted Current Public
Health Measures.
ANSWER:
The Three ways The Germ Theory impacted Current Public
Health Measures are:
•Regular Sanitation Practices
•Hospital Preventative Measures
•Preventative Vaccinations
QUESTION:
•What is a endemic, epidemic and a pandemic? Name an
example of an area would each of these occur?
ANSWER:
•
•
•
A endemic disease is a common disease which spreads over a specific
population. Ex/ Holy Cross
A epidemic is when an endemic disease becomes more frequent in a
given area or time than expected. Ex/ Kingston and area
A pandemic is made up of epidemic diseases which has spread to a very
large area. Ex/ North America
QUESTION:
•Name the 5 ways where a pathogen may try to enter the human
body and how it does so?
ANSWER:
1. The skin (through a cut)
2. Airborne (nasal or mouth passage)
3. Waterborne/Foodborne (through swallowing liquid or
food)
4. Mucous Membranes (Dirty fingers entering nose, vagina.
etc)
5. Ears/Eyes (Blood, vomit, urine, tears, saliva)
QUESTION:
• Explain what a susceptible population is, give two examples of
a susceptible population, and explain the factors to why they are
susceptible.
ANSWER:
• Susceptible population: a population that is overly affected by a certain
pathogen or illness/disease.
1) Native Canadians are a susceptible population due to cultural and social
beliefs. They may isolate them from their non-native neighbors and from
other communities and public health services
2) Sub-Saharan Africans are susceptible due to poverty level. The tropical
environment allows for a greater number of pathogens to exist and
reproduce
QUESTION:
• What is one current threat to public health? Explain what it is.
ANSWER:
1)
-
HIV/AIDS- AIDS is caused by the pathogen HIV
Can be prevented from abstinence or condoms, not using any intravenus drugs
No cure, mortality rate is 100%
Patients don’t actually die of aids, they die of something that affects them because
of the weakened immune system caused by aids
2) C.Difficile- superbug in our intestines, overpopulate and drive helpful bacteria out
- symptoms: abdominal pain and diharrea
- Can be fatal
- Treated by antibiotics if serious
3) Swine Flu- mutant offshoot of Influenza A
- symptoms: sore throat, cough, high fever
- Prevented by sanitary practices
- Treated by antivirals
QUESTION:
• What are the two types of Mosquito netting and explain one
explain one organization that prevents insect borne illnesses.
ANSWER:
• Mosquito nets are used to protect against mosquitos and other tiny biting
insects.
Insecticide Treated Nets (ITNs): 2x more protective than untreated nets,
up to 70% greater protection than no net.
Long lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLINs): will give off insecticide for up
to 5 yrs
• Buy a Net- a Kingston based non-profit organization that raises money to
send nets and anti-malaria medicines to African countries free of charge
QUESTION:
• What are the three public health agencies Kingston is involved
in?
ANSWER:
• 1) KFL&A Health Unit- provides information on health issues
for the Kingston area.
• 2) Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care
provincial public health unit. Keeps track of health issues
affecting Ontarians.
• 3) Health Canada- national public health unit. Looks after
health issues affecting Canadians.
QUESTION:
•What is a safe injection site and who are they used by? Give one
benefit and one downfall to them.
ANSWER:
•A safe injection site is a legally sanctioned and supervised
facility which is designed to reduce the health risk associated
with taking illegal drugs intravenously (i.e. heroin).
•Benefit: Has reduced the amount of needle sharing, and
help prevent infections/diseases like AIDS
•Downfall: It supports the habits of drug users and makes it
easier for them to do the drugs without fear of getting
caught by the police
QUESTION:
•Which elements must a organic compound have?
ANSWER:
•Carbon and Hydrogen
QUESTION:
•Define “Ingestion” and “Digestion”
ANSWER:
• Ingestion: the placement of a food source into the mouth
• Digestion: The breakdown of food into nutrients
QUESTION:
•State the four food groups and provide and example of each
ANSWER:
•
•
•
•
Fruits and vegetables
Wheat and grains
Meat and alternatives
Dairy
QUESTION:
• Define and state the difference between Physical and
Chemical Digestion
ANSWER:
• Physical: occurs in the mouth and is when teeth grind up the
food physically
• Chemical: Occurs in the stomach and is when the acidic gastric
juices mix together with the food to break it down.
QUESTION:
•State the five parts of the digestive system and give a brief
description of each part.
ANSWER:
• Esophagus: muscular tube connected to the stomach that
moves food with contractions
• Stomach: muscular pouch that churns the food with gastric
juices
• Small Intestine: duodenum (insulin), jujenum (absorption),
Ileum (compacting).
• Large Intestine: The absorption of water and minerals occurs.
• Rectum/Anus: Rectum stores the waste and the anus releases
it.
QUESTION:
•Name one type of biotechnology and provide an example
ANSWER:
•Agricultural biotechnology. Ex/ Micropropagation
QUESTION:
• State the four “Colors” of Biotechnology and their purpose.
ANSWER:
• Red Biotechnology: Medical Biotechnology
• Blue Biotechnology: Marine/Aquatic Biotechnology
applications
• Green Biotechnology: Agricultural Biotechnology
• White: Industrial Biotechnology
QUESTION:
• Describe the shape of DNA and the two bonds which hold it
together.
ANSWER:
• DNA is a double helix, where 2 nucleotide strands nun antiparallel to each other. The nucleotides are held together by
phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds.
QUESTION:
• Name and explain the three types of Genetic Engineering.
ANSWER:
• Close Transfer: Taking a gene from one plant species and
inserting it into another plant species of the same kingdom.
• Distant Transfer: Taking a gene from one plant species and
inserting it into another plant species of a different kingdom.
• Tweaking: When genes that already exist are tweaked to
change the level at which a particular protein is made.
QUESTION:
Part A:
•List and define the two types of cloning which are currently in research?
Part B:
List and define the type of cloning which is currently being worked on?
ANSWER:
Part A:
Therapeutic Cloning- the use of stem cells for medicinal or research
purposes
Reproductive Cloning- using stem cells to create cloned humans
Part B:
Replacement Cloning- The replacement of an extensively damaged, failed
or failing body through cloning followed by whole or partial brain
transplant