Transcript Cellular Energy Part 1 - Effingham County Schools

Cellular Energy
• Why do you get hungry?
• Why do you get hungry?
• Feeling hungry is your body’s way of
telling you your cells need energy.
• All cells need a constant supply
energy to stay alive.
All Cells Need Energy!!!!!!!
• Why do you get hungry?
• Feeling hungry is your body’s way of
telling you your cells need energy.
• All cells need a constant supply
energy to stay alive.
• Where does that energy come
from??????
Food Chains
I.
The sun is the ultimate source of all
energy needed to fuel the chemical
activities of cells. Most food chains begin
with the process of photosynthesis.
A. Photosynthesis – Process that converts
the sun’s energy into sugars for plant
cells.
•
Plants and algae are producers (or
autotrophs) which means they use energy
from the sun to create food
A. All cells use chemical energy. Chemical
energy is the energy stored in the bonds
between atoms of every molecule
B. Plants convert light energy from the sun into
chemical energy by creating molecules of
glucose.
C. Plants use some of the chemical energy
(glucose) they create to make ATP (energy)
for their own cells
D. The rest of the chemical energy (glucose) is
stored in the plant’s tissues and is eaten by
consumers
E. The cells of organisms must be able to release
the chemical energy that is stored in the bonds of
glucose
Food Chains
Energy Pyramid- Shows Energy Lost as You Move
up a Food Chain
In the space provided, explain in your own
words why the sun is the ultimate source
of all energy on earth.
Producers (plants and plant-like protists) use
energy from the sun during photosynthesis
to make sugar (food / glucose).
This sugar now becomes a source of energy
for the plants and the consumers that eat the
plants.
1. All food chains begin with
A.
B.
C.
D.
Decomposers
Consumers
Producers
Herbivores
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
II.How does this process begin?
A. Chloroplast- organelle that performs
photosynthesis reaction
B. Pigments- molecules in the chloroplast
that absorb sunlight
1. Chlorophyll – green; main pigment
2. Carotenoids- yellow to orange; extra
pigments that are responsible fall colors
C. photosynthesis reaction –
6CO + 6H2O + light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
(Carbondioxide + water + light

Glucose
+ Oxygen)
Photosynthesis
Carbon
Dioxide
(6C02)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Sun Light
Water
(6H2O)
Oxygen
(6O2)
Chloroplast
Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy
Glucose + Oxygen
6H2O +
C6H12O6 + 6O2
6CO2
+ light Energy
Photosynthesis
2. Along with sunlight, what do plants and algae
take in to carry out photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and water
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 2
3. What do plants and algae produce during
the process of photosynthesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Glucose and water
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 3
4. In which organelle does the process of
photosynthesis occur in?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi Body
C. Ribosome
D. Chloroplast
Cellular Energy Part Two
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
• All cells need energy in order to survive
and reproduce.
• Today, we are going to continue our
discussion about how cells obtain the
energy that they need.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis Summary
• In the process of photosynthesis,
producers like plants and algae use the
energy in sunlight to convert carbon
dioxide and water into glucose and
oxygen.
Water + Carbon Dioxide + light energy 
Glucose + Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
•
Cells use cellular respiration to
release the energy stored in the
glucose (occurs in the mitochondria)
•
Like photosynthesis, cellular
respiration is a process that changes
starting materials into new products.
I. Cellular Respiration – process that allows
organisms to get energy for their cells from
glucose (FOOD!).
A. Mitochondria – organelle that performs
cellular respiration. Plant and animal
cells have mitochondria.
B. Cellular respiration reaction =
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
Glucose
+ oxygen  carbondioxide + water
+ energy
NOW… put this equation into the diagram on your paper! Add the reactants on
the left side, and the products on the right side.
Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
(6O2)
Carbon
Dioxide
(6CO2)
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
Water (6H2O)
Energy
(ATP)
Mitochondria
Glucose + Oxygen
ATP + Water + Carbon Dioxide
C6H12O6 + 6 O2
ATP + 6 H2O + 6 CO2
1. What do cells take in during the process of
cellular respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Water and glucose
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
Write this answer down on # 1
2. What do cells produce during the
process of cellular respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Glucose and oxygen
Carbon dioxide and water
Water and glucose
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
•
Write this answer down on #2
3. In which organelle does the process of
cellular respiration occur in?
A. Mitochondria
B. Golgi Body
C. Ribosome
D. Chloroplast
Photosynthesis and Cellular
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Glucose
Carbon
Dioxide
Water
Cellular
Respiration
Chloroplast
Oxygen
Mitochondria
ATP
In your own words, describe how the
chloroplast and the mitochondria work
together
Fermentation
Unicellular organisms like bacteria and
some species of fungi rely on fermentation
to release the energy stored in glucose.
I. Fermentation – getting energy from food without
oxygen – occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
A. Two types- Lactic Acid fermentation and alcoholic
fermentation
1. Alcoholic fermentation - produces alcohol; Bacteria and
yeast break down sugar and release alcohol as waste.
Used to make bread, yogurt, cheese, pickles, beer, and
wine. Fermentation is what gives some foods their
unique flavor.
C6H12O6  2CH3CH2OH +
2CO2
Glucose  ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide
+
ATP
+ cellular energy
2. Lactic acid fermentation - Produce lactic acid;
Runners Burn  muscle cells that don’t get
enough oxygen switch to fermentation in order
to get energy; lactic acid builds up and causes
burning sensation
1. Why do human cells switch from cellular
respiration to fermentation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
To produce larger quantities of ATP
To produce larger quantities of glucose
They are not getting enough oxygen
They are not getting enough carbon
dioxide
Write this answer down on # 1
2. Describe a situation that has caused your
cells to switch from cellular respiration to
fermentation.
2. Describe a situation that has caused
your cells to switch from cellular
respiration to fermentation.
Strenuous Exercise!
3. Where does fermentation occur within
the cell?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The mitochondria
The cytoplasm
The chloroplast
The cell membrane
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
Eukaryotic Plant Cell
Photosynthesis
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
Cellular
respiration
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Function
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Convert
sunlight into
glucose
Convert
Glucose into
ATP
Convert
Glucose into
ATP
Function
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
What
does it
use?
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
What
does it
use?
Cellular Respiration
Sunlight
Glucose
Water
Oxygen
Carbon
dioxide
Fermentation
Glucose
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
What
does it
produce?
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
What
does it
Produce?
Glucose
Oxygen
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
dioxide
Water
Alcohol or
lactic acid
ATP
ATP
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Where
does it
take
place
within
the cell?
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Where
does it
take
place
within
the cell?
Chloroplast
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Mitochondria Cytoplasm
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Which
type of
organisms
use this
process?
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
Comparison of Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration, and Fermentation
Photosynthesis
Which
type of
Plants
Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
All organisms Bacteria
organisms
use this
process?
Algae
Fungi
Some types
of bacteria
Animals
Food Chains
Complex organisms, like plants, are
organized in the following way:
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms
Plant life begins with a CELL:
A group of similar cells working
together make a TISSUE:
A combination of two or more
tissues that work together make an:
ORGAN
A group of organs working together
make an: ORGAN SYSTEM
Organ systems working together to
create something that can live on
its own is an: ORGANISM
Gregor Mendel studied pea plants and
discovered many of the principles
involved w/ heredity
Plants reproduce both
asexually and sexually
In asexual reproduction, there is only one
parent and all offspring are identical to
the parent
Asexual reproduction in Plants:
In sexual reproduction, there are two
parents and the offspring inherit traits
from each parent
Sexual Reproduction in Plants:
The sets of instructions an offspring
receives from parents are known
as genes, different forms of the
same gene are called alleles.
Chromosomes and Genes
Chromosomes
Genes
Alleles can be dominant (B) or
recessive. Dominant genes will
be expressed whenever present
(BB or Bb)
Recessive genes (b) can ONLY be
expressed when two are
present (bb)
These genes are located on
chromosomes on the DNA in the
nucleus of all eukaryotic cells
Meiosis is the process used by
eukaryotic cells to make new
sex cells
Meiosis
At the end of meiosis, 4 new cells
are created with ½ the number
of chromosomes as the parent
cell
Mitosis – is the process of
cell (nuclear) division in w/
one parent cell divides to
create 2 new, identical
cells (used by body cells)
Mitosis
Selective breeding or genetic
engineering can produce plants with
desired traits (seedless watremelons)
Genetic Engineering
Some scientists think that plants evolved
over time from ancient plant-like
protists and cyanobacteria