Transcript Gene Technology

DNA Technology
& Genomics
Manipulating the
code
Ch 12
What if you wanted to change
your traits?
Centaur – half man, half
horse
Genetic Engineering vs. DNA
Biotechnology
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Based on knowledge of Human
Genome Project
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Craig Venter & Celera Genomics
Over 6 bill. Nucleotide bases in 2030,000 genes!
Established nucleotide sequence of
genes (genomics) and proteins made
(proteomics) & how they interact
Changing Traits - Gene Manipulation
 Inducing mutations to DNA
 Selective Breeding
 Select parents with desirable
phenotypes– “mass selection”
 hybridization
 offspring express “hybrid vigor”
Liger/Tigon
Liger Information
An average adult male liger can weigh over 900 pounds.
An adult male Siberian tiger can grow to an average
weight of 500 pounds,
An adult African lion can average 450 pounds.
The reproductive process that creates a liger leaves
out the growth inhibitor gene present in the male
lion and the female tiger, and the result is an enormous
offspring that has the best physical and mental
characteristics of the parents.
It is important to note that there are no documented cases
of ligers appearing naturally in the wild. Lions and tigers
do not share territory and the chances of contact between
the two groups is slim due to their differing natures.
Direct gene manipulation – Genetic Engineering
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Changing actual gene code of organism
Recombinant DNA - Combining DNA
from 2 different organisms
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Creates a chimera or transgenic organism
Requires recognition of coding sequences of
gene, including promotors, terminators,
transcription factors and enhancers
Tools
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Genomic maps of DNA
Genomic libraries
Restriction Enzymes/Restriction
Endonucleases (DNA scissors) cut at known
sequences in specific places (pallindromes)
Ligase
Cloning vector
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Surrogate mothers, bacterial plasmid, yeasts, or
viruses
Benefits of Genetic Engineering
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Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin
Make vaccines
New and useful chimeras – genetically
engineered crops for disease or insect
resistance, increased yield
Save DNA from endangered species
Customized Rx – metabomics
Risks? Genethics?
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Moral and ethical implications of genetic
engineering
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Cloning a super race
Frankenfoods
Bringing back the dead
What are YOUR concerns?
Gene Therapy & cloning
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How to transfer the correct gene into an
affected individual?
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Cloning vectors
Bacterial plasmids
Viruses
yeasts
What is cloning?
DNA Fingerprinting
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Comparison of DNA found in blood samples, tissue
samples, etc. to identify individuals for classification,
criminology, paternity suits, etc.
Can determine diseases & genetic defects
Tracing family history & evolution
RFLP Analysis
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Restriction Fragment Length
Polymorphism
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Extract DNA & make copies
 PCR or Polymerase Chain Reaction
“digest” with restriction enzymes
Separate fragments in gel
electrophoresis
compare - 5 banding images is a match