Transcript Jan 18
BEGR 424 Molecular Biology William Terzaghi Spring, 2016 BEGR424- Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00, TR 1-2 or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: [email protected] BEGR424- Resource and Policy Information Instructor: Dr. William Terzaghi Office: SLC 363/CSC228 Office hours: MWF 12:00-1:00, TR 1-2 or by appointment Phone: (570) 408-4762 Email: [email protected] Course webpage: http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/william.terzaghi/BEGR424.htm l General considerations What do you hope to learn? General considerations What do you hope to learn? Graduate courses 1. learning about current literature General considerations What do you hope to learn? Graduate courses 1. learning about current literature • Learning how to give presentations General considerations What do you hope to learn? Graduate courses 1. learning about current literature 2. Learning current techniques General considerations What do you hope to learn? Graduate courses 1. learning about current literature 2. Learning current techniques • Using them! Provide a genuine experience in using cell and molecular biology to learn about a fundamental problem in biology. Provide a genuine experience in using cell and molecular biology to learn about a fundamental problem in biology. • Rather than following a set series of lectures, study a problem and see where it leads us. Provide a genuine experience in using cell and molecular biology to learn about a fundamental problem in biology. • Rather than following a set series of lectures, study a problem and see where it leads us. • Lectures & presentations will relate to current status Provide a genuine experience in using cell and molecular biology to learn about a fundamental problem in biology. • Rather than following a set series of lectures, study a problem and see where it leads us. • Lectures & presentations will relate to current status • Some class time will be spent in lab & vice-versa • we may need to come in at other times as well 1. Pick a problem 1. Pick a problem 2. Design some experiments 1. Pick a problem 2. Design some experiments 3. See where they lead us 1. Pick a problem 2. Design some experiments 3. See where they lead us Grading? Combination of papers and presentations GRADING? Combination of papers and presentations •First presentation: 5 points •Research presentation: 10 points •Final presentation: 15 points •Assignments: 5 points each •Poster: 10 points •Intermediate report 10 points •Final report: 30 points ALTERNATIVES •Paper(s) instead of 1 or two presentations •Research proposal instead of a presentation •One or two exams? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate • Identifying best candidates • Figuring out how to engineer them • Add oxalate transporter? • Add more/different oxalate altering enzymes? • Target them to different locations? Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins • Membrane-bound single-domain iron-oxide crystals made by magnetotic bacteria to help find correct pO2 Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins • Membrane-bound single-domain iron-oxide crystals made by magnetotic bacteria to help find correct pO2 • Can engineer Mms13-fusion proteins Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA • Making Crispr/CAS9 proteins • Mutate/replace specific genes • Bind specific DNA sequences • Color code with fluorescent proteins • Repress expression • Make transcriptional activators by fusing with activation domains Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA 5. Studying sugar signaling Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA 5. Studying sugar signaling 6. Bioremediation • Atrazine • Neonicotinoid pesticides • Something else?? Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA 5. Studying sugar signaling 6. Bioremediation 7.Making plants/algae that bypass Rubisco to fix CO2 Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA 5. Studying sugar signaling 6. Bioremediation 7.Making plants/algae that bypass Rubisco to fix CO2 8.Making novel biofuels • blue-green algae that generate electricity • Plants/algae that make methane or hydrogen • Biodiesel • Other ideas??? Topics? 1.Trying to find another way to remove oxalate 2.Making a probiotic bacterium that removes oxalate 3.Engineering magnetosomes to express novel proteins 4. Studying ncRNA 5. Studying sugar signaling 6. Bioremediation 7.Making plants/algae that bypass Rubisco to fix CO2 8.Making novel biofuels 9.Making vectors for Dr. Harms 10.Something else? Assignments? 1.identify a gene and design primers 2.presentation on new sequencing tech 3.designing a protocol to verify your clone 4.presentations on gene regulation 5.presentation on applying mol bio Other work 1.draft of report on cloning & sequencing 2.poster for symposium 3.final gene report 4.draft of formal report 5.formal report Genome Projects Studying structure & function of genomes Genome Projects Studying structure & function of genomes • Sequence first Genome Projects Studying structure & function of genomes • Sequence first • Then location and function of every part Genome Projects How much DNA is there? SV40 has 5000 base pairs E. coli has 5 x 106 Yeast has 2 x 107 Arabidopsis has 108 Rice has 5 x 108 Humans have 3 x 109 Soybeans have 3 x 109 Toads have 3 x 109 Salamanders have 8 x 1010 Lilies have 1011 Genome Projects C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely Genome Projects C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely Some phyla show little variation: birds all have ~109 bp Genome Projects C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely Some phyla show little variation: birds all have ~109 bp mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp Genome Projects C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely Some phyla show little variation: birds all have ~109 bp mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp Other phyla are all over: insects and amphibians vary 100 x Genome Projects C-value paradox: DNA content/haploid genome varies widely Some phyla show little variation: birds all have ~109 bp mammals all have ~ 3 x 109 bp Other phyla are all over: insects and amphibians vary 100 x flowering plants vary 1000x C-value paradox One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy 2C chromosome numbers vary widely Haplopappus has 2 C-value paradox One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy 2C chromosome numbers vary widely Haplopappus has 2 Arabidopsis has 10 C-value paradox One cause = variations in chromosome numbers and ploidy 2C chromosome numbers vary widely Haplopappus has 2 Arabidopsis has 10 Rice has 24 Humans have 46 Tobacco (hexaploid) has 72 Kiwifruit (octaploid) have 196 C-value paradox Chromosome numbers vary So does chromosome size! C-value paradox Chromosome numbers vary So does chromosome size! Reason = variation in amounts of repetitive DNA C-value paradox Chromosome numbers vary So does chromosome size! Reason = variation in amounts of repetitive DNA first demonstrated using Cot curves Cot curves • denature (melt) DNA by heating Cot curves • denature (melt) DNA by heating dissociates into two single strands Cot curves 1. denature (melt) DNA by heating 2. Cool DNA Cot curves 1. denature (melt) DNA by heating 2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal Cot curves 1. denature (melt) DNA by heating 2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal • hybridize Cot curves 1. denature (melt) DNA by heating 2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal • Hybridize: don't have to be the same strands Cot curves 1. denature (melt) DNA by heating 2. Cool DNA: complementary strands find each other & anneal • Hybridize: don't have to be the same strands 3. Rate depends on [complementary strands] Cot curves 1) denature DNA 2) cool DNA 3) at intervals measure [single-stranded DNA] Cot curves viruses & bacteria show simple curves Cot is inversely proportional to genome size Cot curves eucaryotes show 3 step curves Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive” Cot curves eucaryotes show 3 step curves Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive” Step 2 is intermediate: “moderately repetitive” Cot curves eucaryotes show 3 step curves Step 1 renatures rapidly: “highly repetitive” Step 2 is intermediate: “moderately repetitive” Step 3 is ”unique"