Transcript MyersExpPsych7e_IM_Module 07 Garber edits

Developmental
Issues, Prenatal
Development,
and the
Newborn
Module 7
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Developmental Issues, Prenatal
Development, and the Newborn
Overview
 Three Major Developmental Issues
 Conception and Prenatal Development
 The Competent Newborn
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Prenatal Development and
the Newborn
 Developmental Psychology
 a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and
social change throughout the life span
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Developmental Psychology
Issue
Nature/Nurture
Continuity/Stages
Stability/Change
Details
How do genetic inheritance
(our nature) and experience
(the nurture we receive)
influence our behavior?
Is developmental a gradual,
continuous process or a
sequence of separate stages?
Do our early personality
traits persist through life, or
do we become different
persons as we age.
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Prenatal Development and the Newborn
Conception
A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer
coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form
one fertilized cell.
Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company
Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company
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Prenatal Development
A zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that
become increasingly diverse.
At about 14 days the zygote turns into an
embryo (a and b).
Zygote
Embryo at 40 Days
Embryo at 45 Days
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Prenatal Development and
the Newborn
40 days
45 days
2 months 4 months
Link
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Prenatal Development
At 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d).
Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company
Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company
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Prenatal Development and
the Newborn
 Teratogens
 agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach
the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and
cause birth defects Link to AM 12:20
 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
 physical and cognitive abnormalities in children
caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking
 symptoms include misproportioned head
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PKU - Phenylketonuria
• Recessive genetic condition where the child
lacks an enzyme to break down
phenylalanine
• Untreated, it can cause problems with brain
development, leading to retardation, brain
damage, and seizures
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Infants are born with reflexes that
aid in survival…
• Rooting - turning the head and opening the mouth in
the direction of a touch on the cheek
• Grasping - curling the fingers around an object
• Stepping Reflex reflex that causes
newborns to
start a stepping motion
as they touch a surface
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Infant Reflexes
• Sucking— sucking
rhythmically in response
to oral stimulation
• Moro (startle reflex)— throwing the arms out,
arching the back and bringing the arms together as if
to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or
sudden change in position of the head)
• Babinski— fanning and curling toes when foot is
stroked
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Prenatal Development and
the Newborn
 Preferences
 human voices
and faces
 facelike images,
smell and sound
of mother
preferred
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Reprinted from Cognition, vol. 4. M.A. Johnson, S. Dziurawiec, H. Ellis, and J.
Morton, "Newborns' Preferential Tracking of Face-Like Stimuli and Its
Subsequent Decline," pp. 1-19, © 1991 with the kind permission of Elsevier
Science - NL, Sara Burgerharstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.
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The Competent Newborn
Offspring cries are important signals for parents
to provide nourishment. In animals and
humans such cries are quickly attended to and
relieved.
Lightscapes, Inc. Corbis
Carl and Ann Purcell/ Corbis
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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Edition in Modules)
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2008
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