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Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Module 7 1 2 3 4 Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Overview Three Major Developmental Issues Conception and Prenatal Development The Competent Newborn 5 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Developmental Psychology a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span 6 Developmental Psychology Issue Details Nature/Nurture How do genetic inheritance (our nature) and experience (the nurture we receive) influence our behavior? Continuity/Stages Is developmental a gradual, continuous process or a sequence of separate stages? Stability/Change Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we 7 age. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Conception A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses to form one fertilized cell. Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company 8 9 Prenatal Development A zygote is a fertilized cell with cells that become increasingly diverse. At about 14 days the zygote turns into an embryo (a and b). Zygote Embryo at 40 Days Embryo at 45 Days 10 Prenatal Development and the Newborn 40 days 45 days 2 months 4 months Link 11 Prenatal Development At 9 weeks, an embryo turns into a fetus (c and d). Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company Lennart Nilsson/ Albert Bonniers Publishing Company 12 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Teratogens agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause birth defects Link to AM 12:20 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking symptoms include misproportioned head 13 14 15 16 PKU - Phenylketonuria • Recessive genetic condition where the child lacks an enzyme to break down phenylalanine • Untreated, it can cause problems with brain development, leading to retardation, brain damage, and seizures 17 Infants are born with reflexes that aid in survival… • Rooting - turning the head and opening the mouth in the direction of a touch on the cheek • Grasping - curling the fingers around an object • Stepping Reflex reflex that causes newborns to start a stepping motion as they touch a surface 18 19 20 21 Infant Reflexes • Sucking— sucking rhythmically in response to oral stimulation • Moro (startle reflex)— throwing the arms out, arching the back and bringing the arms together as if to hold onto something (in response to loud noise or sudden change in position of the head) • Babinski— fanning and curling toes when foot is stroked 22 23 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Preferences human voices and faces facelike images, smell and sound of mother preferred 24 Reprinted from Cognition, vol. 4. M.A. Johnson, S. Dziurawiec, H. Ellis, and J. Morton, "Newborns' Preferential Tracking of Face-Like Stimuli and Its Subsequent Decline," pp. 1-19, © 1991 with the kind permission of Elsevier Science - NL, Sara Burgerharstraat 25, 1055 KV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 25 EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (7th Edition in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, © 2008 27 28 The Competent Newborn Offspring cries are important signals for parents to provide nourishment. In animals and humans such cries are quickly attended to and relieved. Lightscapes, Inc. Corbis Carl and Ann Purcell/ Corbis 29 30 http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_choi ce_polls/LTEwOTcxMDE0Mjk 31 32 http://www.polleverywhere.com/multip le_choice_polls/LTE3MTY2NDU4MjA 33 http://www.polleverywhere.com/multiple_ choice_polls/MTQ3MjgzNzIwNw 34