Transcript Biotech PPT

Biotechnology Systems
Lesson: Exploring Biotechnology
and Its History A1-1
Part One followed by Part Two
Anticipated Problem
1. What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on
agriculture?
2
Terms
anaerobic
• biology
• biotechnology
• deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• fermentation
• gene pool
• genetic engineering (GE)
• hybrids
•
3
Terms
plasmid
• recombinant DNA (rDNA)
• restriction enzyme
• selective breeding
• sterile
• target gene
• technology
• transgenic organism
•
4
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
Biotechnology comes from the words:
•
•
5
“biology” - the study of living organisms
“technology” - the use of tools and crafts to
adapt or control one’s environment
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Biotechnology is the study and manipulation
of living things to solve problems or make
useful products.
6
7
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
8
Thousands of years ago, the Aztec Indians used
biotechnology:
•
Inventing corn, or maize
•
Crossed/hybridized a grass named tiachintae
•
Products of fermentation (bread, wine, beer)
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Fermentation is a process by which one-celled
microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeast,
when grown in
• anaerobic (without oxygen) conditions,
break down sugars for energy
9
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Selective breeding, choosing certain animals
or plants with desirable traits to mate or to
cross pollinate.
•
•
10
Allowed early farmers to produce stronger
generations of offspring
Time consuming, not always resulting in desired
characteristics.
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Traditionally the farmer…
•
•
•
11
Manipulated the genetic makeup of an
animal or plant
Looked at the animal or plant
organism as a whole
Continued selective breeding and
hybrid practices
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Hybrids are crosses between two
homozygous or sometimes true-breeding
organisms of different varieties.
•
12
The gene pool, all the genes in a population
of plants or animals, is limited in traditional
breeding.
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
13
Often hybrids resulted in sterile offspring, such as
seedless watermelons or seedless bananas.
• Sterile means an organism is incapable of
producing seeds and therefore cannot
reproduce.
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
Modern biotechnology, since the 1970s,
centers on the common hereditary material
found in all cells, deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA).
•
14
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
Instead of working with whole organisms,
scientists work at the molecular level of cells
for research and development of products from
plants and animals.
•
15
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
Genetic engineering (GE) or recombinant
DNA (rDNA) technology, discovered by Cohen
and Boyer in 1970, allows scientists to “cut”
DNA from one organism and “paste” it into
another.
16
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
17
Scientists can find a target gene, a segment of
DNA that codes for a desirable trait, and cut out
that segment of DNA with molecular scissors
called a restriction enzyme.
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
18
The target piece of DNA can then be pasted into
a plasmid, a circular piece of DNA used as a
vector to move the target piece of DNA from
one organism to another.
• Results in transgenic organism
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
A transgenic organism is one that contains
foreign DNA and expresses a new trait or
enhanced characteristic.
•
19
It is sometimes simply called a transgenic.
What is biotechnology, and what has
been its historical impact on agriculture?
•
20
The goals of GE or rDNA are still similar to
traditional agricultural goals:
•
Better efficiency for growth
•
Better yield
•
Tastiness
•
Improved appearance
•
Resistance to disease
•
Ease of growing
•
Extension of growing seasons
Review – Part 1
• What are the advantages and
disadvantages of selective breeding?
• Who discovered genetic engineering (or
recombinant DNA)? And in what year was it
discovered?
• How are the goals of GE or rDNA similar to
traditional agricultural goals?
Proceed to Part 2
21
Sometimes biotechnology isn’t used to enhance plants for
production purposes. Sometimes it’s used for other purposes!
Biotech
Transgenic Organism Assignment
There are Glo-Pigs, Glo-Cats, and Glo-Fish.
Research these organisms. What organism are they using for the original
glow gene, and why have they put the glo gene in?
What is the effect of the glo gene on the animal and the environmental
concerns?
22
Biotechnology
Systems
Lesson: Exploring Biotechnology and
Its History A1-1
Part Two
23
Anticipated Problems
2. What have been the major innovations in
the development of biotechnology?
3. What are the historical milestones in the
advancement of biotechnology in
agriculture?
24
Terms
patent
• polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
•
25
26
What have been the major innovations
in the development of biotechnology?
•
The major innovations in the development of
biotechnology can be placed into one of three
time periods:
•
1600–1900: Before DNA
•
1900–1970: DNA Science
•
27
1970– Present: Recombinant DNA Technology
and Beyond (molecular biotechnology revolution)
1600–1900: Before DNA
•
•
•
•
•
28
The term “cells” coined: 1600 (Hooke)
First microorganisms were observed: 1600
(Van Leeuwenhoek)
Inheritance of traits: 1850 (Mendel)
Scientific basis for fermentation: 1857
(Pasteur)
Nucleic acid in white blood cells from pus in
bandages: 1869 (Miescher)
1900–1970: DNA Science
•
•
•
29
Discovered that genes were on chromosomes
through fruit flies: 1910 (Morgan)
Proved that genetic material could be moved
from one strain of bacteria to another using
mice: 1928 (Griffith)
Isolated penicillin from a fungus: 1928
(Fleming)
1900–1970: DNA Science
•
•
30
Structure of DNA discovered 1953 (Watson &
Crick)
Genetic engineering techniques
through discoveries of plasmid
DNA (in 1953) and bacterial
restriction enzymes (in 1962)
1900–1970: DNA Science
•
•
31
Mechanism of gene expression through
messenger RNA: 1961 (Gilbert)
The genetic code that linked DNA to the making
of proteins was figured out by Khorana and
Nirenberg in 1966.
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
•
32
After 1970 a molecular biotechnology explosion
occurred.
•
Techniques of recombinant DNA took form
•
Beginning of genetic engineering
•
Invention of new tools in the laboratory
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
•
33
Genetic engineering uses techniques that allow
scientists to move genes of interest artificially
between different organisms.
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
•
34
Some highlights of this period include:
•
1970: First transformation of the bacterium
•
1972: cloning experiments
•
1977: sequence DNA
•
1978: DNA fingerprint
•
1978: First baby born by invitro fertilization
Escherichia coli
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
35
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
•
Some highlights of this period include:
•
•
36
1980 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that genetically
altered life forms can be patented. A patent gives
ownership to an organism for a limited time.
1983: polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was
invented to amplify DNA in the laboratory.
1970–present:
Recombinant DNA Technology & Beyond
•
37
Some highlights of this period include:
•
1980’s: Bioengineered food testing
•
1997: monoclonal antibody (MAb) technology
•
1997: yeast artificial chromosomes
•
1996: RNA interference (RNAi)
•
1999: automated DNA sequencer
•
2002: riboswitch
Historical milestones of the advancement
of biotechnology in agriculture
• The advent of recombinant DNA technology in
1970 opened the door for ways to move target
sequences of DNA between organisms.
38
Historical milestones of the advancement
of biotechnology in agriculture
• Several companies led the way in producing
products that involved this genetic engineering
to improve organisms and solve world
problems.
• Research first concentrated on ways
to get genes moved from one organism to
another.
39
Historical milestones of the advancement
of biotechnology in agriculture
• Later many of these transgenic plants and
animals were designed to accomplish the goals
of:
• Putting natural pesticides into plants
• Improving insect resistance for crops
• Attaching vaccines to plants
• Making designer drugs
• Using microbes and plants to make new fuels
• Increasing the nutritional value of our food
production
40
In the 1980’s
• Huge advances in biotechnology spurred by
the patenting of genetically engineered (GE)
plants and organisms.
• We saw the benefits for the farmer as the
first GE crops came to market to improve crop
yield.
• The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
also set guidelines for transgenic crops.
41
In the 1980’s
• 1980 Ti plasmid from Agrobacterium
tumefaciens was used to make transgenic
plants.
• 1982 Super mouse was created at the
University of Pennsylvania by inserting human
growth hormones into mouse DNA.
• 1983 The United States granted patents to
genetically engineered plants.
42
In the 1990’s
• The first wave of GE crops benefited farmers
by introducing GE traits such as pest
resistance.
• Animal GE became more prevalent, and cloning
successes were published.
43
In the Decade Beginning 2000
• The next wave of GE crops has been focused
on improvements in food quality and safety.
• The new millennium ushered in advancements
in biotechnology, with the hope to improve
health and address world hunger.
• However, the increased public awareness of GE
foods in the market has created additional
concerns for the biotech industry.
44
Review – Part 2
• What are the three time periods that major
innovations in the development of
biotechnology are separated?
• When did the molecular biotechnology
explosion occur?
• What government agency set guidelines for
transgenic crops?
45