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• Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering Beckman 4261 Yingxiao Wang x36727 [email protected] http://imaging.bioen.uiuc.edu/yingxiao_wang/classes.htm • Objective To introduce the cutting-edge engineering technologies applied in the molecular and cellular biology research, i.e. how can the properties of genes, molecules, and cells be monitored, measured, manipulated, and modeled to advance our understanding of the complex biological system. Introduction • • • • • Cells Genomes Genomes Control Cellular Functions Molecules Reactions between Molecules • Cells and Genomes Cells Determine the Whole Multi-cellular Organism Cells are dictated by linear information stored in DNA Units and Assembly DNA Units and Assembly DNA Replication From DNA to Protein Transcription (From DNA to RNA) The Conformation of RNA Hepatitis Delta Virus tRNA Translation (mRNA->Protein) 3D Structure of Ribosome tRNAs Ribosome mRNA The Function of Proteins Gene and Regulatory DNA Bilayer of amphipathic Lipids Forming Membrane: Plasma Membrane Plasma Membrane Summary 1 •DNA (linear information) ->RNA (different forms, linear and 3D) ->Protein (Linear and 3D) •Replication, Transcription, Translation •DNA and RNA, phosphate+sugar+base •DNA, Double Helix, AGTC •RNA, tRNA, mRNA (AGUC), rRNA •RNA and Protein, Various 3D structures •Protein, enzyme, structure supports, regulation of DNAs •Lipids, cell membrane Gene Alteration (I) Gene Alteration (II) Gene Comparison Cell Types Procaryotes (without nucleus) and Eucaryotes (with nucleus) An Eucaryotic Cell Phagocytosis White blood cell engulfing a red blood cell Mitochondrion Own tRNA, mRNA, ribosome, own circular DNA Proposed Hypothesis: the Origin of Mitochondria The Origin of Chloroplasts Eucaryotic genomes are large and rich in regulatory DNAs, which can sense environmental signals and regulate cellular products and functions Environment and Cellular Functions and Fate Yeast: the Simplest Eucaryote Cell Model Genome small, cell cycle rapid (almost the same as bacteria) Microarray Study of Yeast Genome upon Stimulation Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings Cell cycle, apoptosis C-elegan compartmentalization Drosophila Cell cycle short (days), genome simple (single gene controlling one phenotype) Multicellular Animal Model Systems and the Ultimate Goal-Human Beings Human Beings Mouse Mutational Genesis to Find Gene Functions in Model Systems Redundancy and overlapping of gene functions (the complexity of model studies) Summary 2 •Gene Alterations: mutation, duplication, segment shuffling, horizontal transfer •Procaryote (bacteria and Archaea) and Eucaryotes (nucleus) •The structure and development of Eucaryotes (predators) •Large Genome and sophiscated gene regulation (Environment effects on Gene expressions) •Single cell model system: yeast •Multicelullar Model systems: c elegans, drosophila, mouse, human being •Complexity of Gene mutagenesis