Transcript Document

Blood
Blood
Red blood cells
erythrocytes
White blood cells
leukocytes
Platelets
thrombocytes
Artery
Function Blood
Deliver O2
Remove metabolic wastes
Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
Protection from blood loss- platelets
Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
Transport hormones
Blood
Buffy coat-<1%
Plasma-55%
Formed elements-45%
Blood Plasma Components-55%
90% Water
8% Solutes:
Proteins
Albumin (60 %)
Alpha and Beta Globulins
Gamma Globulins
fibrinogens
Gas
Electrolytes
Blood Plasma Components
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
Hormones
Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea
Formed Elements of the Blood-45%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocytes
Erythrocyte 7.5 m in dia
Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
Function- transport respiratory gases
Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 chains and 2 chains
Lack mitochondria. Why?
1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Men- 5 million cells/mm3
Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
Hemoglobin
Stem cell
Hemocytoblast
Committed
cell
Proerythroblast
Developmental pathway
Phase 1
Ribosome
synthesis
Early
erythroblast
Phase 2
Hemoglobin
accumulation
Late
erythroblast
Phase 3
Ejection of
nucleus
Normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Figure 17.5
RBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemiaHbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the b chain in the
globin molecule.
Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans.
Abnormal hemoglobin crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low, causing RBCs to
become sickle-shaped.
Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the
heterozygous condition is beneficial.
Types of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Granulocytes
Neutrophils- 40-70%
Eosinophils- 1-4%
Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%
Basophil
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte
eosinophil
neutrophil
monocyte
RBC
neutrophil
monocyte
lymphocyte
basophil
lymphocyte
ID
WBC’s
Diapedesis
Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
WBC Diseases
Leukopenia
Abnormally low WBC count—drug induced
Leukemias
Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
Named according to the abnormal WBC clone involved
Mononucleosis
highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes;
fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks
Platelets
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+, enzymes, ADP, and plateletderived growth factor (PDGF)
Stem cell
Hemocytoblast
Developmental pathway
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
Platelet Plug
Clotting Factors
Hemostasis:
Vessel injury
2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
Hemostasis
(+ feedback)
Clotting Factors
thromboplastin
Prothrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen
Fibrin
Traps RBC & platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread
Disorders of Hemostasis
Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable clot formation
Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent normal clot
formation
Thromboembolytic Conditions
Thrombus: clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel
May block circulation, leading to tissue death
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the blood stream
Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Blood Types
Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type
Antigen
Antibody
A
A
anti-B
B
B
anti-A
A&B
AB
no anti body
Neither A or B
O
anti-A and anti-B
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the
presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)
ABO Blood Types
b
b
b
b
b
Produces anti-B
antibodies
b
b
b
Type A
ABO Blood Types
a
a
a
a
a
a
Type B
a
a
Produces anti-A
antibodies
a
a
ABO Blood Types
Produces neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
ABO Blood Types
b
a
b
a
b
a
a
ba
a
b
a
b
a
Produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies
Type O
b
aba
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH+ indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks
Type AB- universal recipients
Type O- universal donor
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
Blood Type
Clumping
Antibody
A
antigen Aanti-A serum
antibody anti-b
B
antigen B
anti-B serum
antibody anti-a
AB
antigen A & B
anti A & B serum
O
neither A or B
no clumping w/ either anti A or B
anti-a, anti-b
Serum
Blood being tested
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains
agglutinogens A and B;
agglutinates with both
sera)
RBCs
Type A (contains
agglutinogen A;
agglutinates with anti-A)
Type B (contains
agglutinogen B;
agglutinates with anti-B)
Type O (contains no
agglutinogens; does not
agglutinate with either
serum)
Figure 17.16
Blood Type & Rh
How Many Have It
Frequency
O
O
Rh Positive
1 person in 3
37.4%
Rh Negative
1 person in 15
6.6%
A
A
B
B
Rh Positive
1 person in 3
35.7%
Rh Negative
1 person in 16
6.3%
Rh Positive
1 person in 12
8.5%
Rh Negative
1 person in 67
1.5%
AB
Rh Positive
1 person in 29
3.4%
AB
Rh Negative
1 person in 167
.6%
ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype
O i i
A I A I A or I A i
B I B I B or I B i
AB I A I B
Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross
I
I B
IAIB
IAIB
I
A
A
IAi
IAi