Transcript Development Through the Lifespan

Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype
Phenotype
Genetic make-up
of an individual
Observable
characteristics of
an individual
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Genetic Foundations
 Chromosomes – store and
transmit genetic
information
 Genes – segments of DNA
located along the
chromosomes
 DNA – substance of which
genes and chromosomes
are made.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
DNA and Mitosis
Mitosis-duplicate DNA with a
slight change
Meiosis- duplicate is exactly the
same-helps create genetic
diversity
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chromosomes, Cells, and Sex:
Terminology-which person determines
the sex of a baby?
Autosomes
The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are
not sex chromosomes
• 23rd pair of chromosomes
Sex
• Determines sex
Chromosomes
• XX = female, XY = male
Gametes
Zygote
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sex cells: Sperm and ova
Sperm and ovum united
Twins
Fraternal/Dizygotic
 Two zygotes,
or fertilized ova
Identical/Monozygotic
 One zygote that divides
into two individuals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Alleles
 Two forms of the same gene
 Appear at the same place on both
chromosomes in a pair
 One inherited from each parent
 Homozygous - the two alleles are alike
 Heterozygous - the alleles differ
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Dominant-Recessive Inheritance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
X-Linked Inheritance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Incomplete Dominance and
Polygenetic Inheritance
Incomplete
Dominance
 Both alleles of a single
gene are expressed
 Results in
 combined trait or
 intermediate between the
two
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Polygenic
Inheritance
 Many genes combine to
influence a trait
Genetic Imprinting
and Mutation
Imprinting
Mutation
 Chemical marker
that activates
either father’s or
mother’s gene
 Often temporary
 Sudden,
permanent change
in a DNA segment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chromosomal Abnormalities
 Down Syndrome
Problems with the 21st
chromosome
 Sex Chromosome
Abnormalities
Problems with the X or Y
chromosomes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reproductive Choices
 Genetic counseling
 Prenatal diagnosis and
fetal medicine
 Genetic testing
 Adoption
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Reproductive Technologies




Donor Insemination
In Vitro Fertilization
Surrogate Mother
New Technologies
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Genetic Counseling
Helps couples:
 Assess chances of hereditary disorders
 Choose best course of action
 Risks
 Family goals
Recommended when:
 Couple has had difficulties
 Aware of genetic problems
 Woman is over 35
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Prenatal Diagnostic Methods






Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Fetoscopy
Ultrasound
Maternal Blood Analysis
Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Amniocentesis and
Chorionic Villus Sampling
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Adoption and Adjustment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Environmental Contexts
for Development
 Family
 Socioeconomic Status and
Family Functioning
 Affluence
 Poverty
 Neighborhoods, Towns
and Cities
 Cultural Context
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Family Influences
on Development
 Direct
 Two-person relationships
 Indirect
 Third Parties
 Adapting to Change
 Changes from within
and outside the family
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
 Social Status
 Years of education
 Job prestige and skill required
 Economic Status
 Income
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Socioeconomic Status
and Family Functioning
 Timing and duration of family
life cycle
 Values and expectations
 Father’s involvement
 Communication and discipline
styles
 Children’s cognitive
development
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Risks of Affluence
 Alcohol and drug use
 Anxiety
 Depression
 Unavailable parents
 Overscheduled
 Demanding
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Importance of Regularly Eating
Dinner as a Family
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Who is Poor?
 12% in U.S. and Canada
 Parents under age 25 with young
children
 Elderly living alone, especially
women
 Ethnic Minorities
 Women
 Children
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Children in Poverty:
U.S. and Canada
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
All Children
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Native
American
African
American
Latino
Native
Canadian
Benefits of Strong Community Ties
for Children and Adults
 Social interaction, activities
 Cooperation to provide clean, safe
environment
 Participation in important tasks
 Mutual assistance
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Extended Families
 Three or more generations living
together
 More common in many minority
cultures
 Benefits
 Reduces stress of poverty
 Assistance for all generations
 Emotional bonds, support
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Individualist and
Collectivist Societies
Individualist
Collectivist
 People define
 People define
themselves as
themselves as part
separate from
of a group
other people
 Stress group goals
 Largely concerned
over individual
with personal
goals
needs and goals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Poverty in Late Adulthood
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Indicators of Children’s
Health and Well-Being
U.S. Rank
Childhood Poverty
23
Canadian
Rank
16
Infant Death
26
16
Teen Pregnancy
28
21
Education Spending
10
6
Health Spending
16
4
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
How Much Does Heredity
Contribute to Behavior?
Heritability
Estimates
 Portion of individual
differences
attributable to
genetics
 Ranges from
0 to 1.00
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Concordance
 What percent of
the time do twins
both show a
trait?
 Ranges from
0 to 100%
Range of Reaction
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Genetic-Environment Correlation
 Passive Correlation
 Evocative
Correlation
 Active Correlation
 Niche-picking
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Epigenetic Framework
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007