Transcript Biology Gateway Review Charts

Biology Gateway Review Charts
Adapted from:
Mr. Conner
Blackman High School
Etymology
Title
NOTES
Vocabulary
“bio” means living
“A” means no, not, none; negative term
Biotic
Abiotic
Biotic vs Abiotic
Biotic things: animals, plants, bacteria, population, communities
Abiotic things: water, soil, light oxygen, carbon dioxide, sun, sand, snow, gases
Need to know biotic and abiotic items in different ecosystems:
Desert biotic: cactus, birds, desert rat, rattlesnake
Desert abiotic: water, sand, heat, sun
Tundra biotic: polar bear, whales, snow hare
Tundra abiotic: permafrost, snow, glacier
Rainforest biotic: toucan, spider monkey, black howler monkey
Rainforest abiotic: rain, canopy, understory, soil
Population and Succession
Things that affect populations
Primary succession includes the species that are the first to
cultivate an area that has NOT been previously cultivated.
Lichen is a common pioneer species.
•Natural disasters (fire, floods, etc.)
•Changes in climate
•Human negligence (pollution, erosion, contamination, etc.
•Change in resources
•Overhunting
•Adverse effects of technology
•Pesticides/Insecticides
•Waste disposal
•Importation of a foreign species
Secondary succession occurs when there is an
ecological disturbance in a community without
moving the soil. Examples include fires, abandoning
farmlands, etc.
Symbiosis/Symbiotic Relationship
Relationship between two living (bio) organisms
One organism always benefits, the question is… What happens to the second one?
Organism 1 Organism 2
M utualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
+
+
+
No effect
+
harmed
Predator/Prey
+
killed
Example
sea anemone and clownfish
Bee and flower
Spanish moss on tree
tick and dog; tapeworm and human
wolf and rabbit
cheetah and zebra
(not an exampl e of symbi osi s)
FOOD CHAIN
algae  zooplankton  insects  bluegill  bass
•When one is removed, it affects the entire food chain
(above and below)
•On the diagram pay attention to the directions of the
arrows
•Animals can NOT switch from one food source to
another during its lifetime. It takes generations
afterwards for the primary food source to evolve or
change. Therefore, the population size immediately
decrease when the primary food source is removed.
FOOD WEB
Predator
Prey
Host
Food Web
Food Chain
Energy Pyramid
omni- all
herb- plant
carni- meat
auto- self
hetero- different
Producers: Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic
Consumers: Herbivores, Carnivores, Omnivores, Detritivores and Decomposers
Level 4 Consumers 3
Level 3
Scavengers/Decomposer/Omnivores/Carnivores
Consumers 2
Level 2
Consumers 1
Level 1
Producers
Plankton
Phytoplankton Zooplankton
•Producer
•Consumer
•Plant-like
•Animal-like
•Autotroph
•Heterotroph
•Photosynthetic
Heterotrophs 3
Carnivores/Omnivores
Heterotrophs 2
Herbivores
Heterotrophs 1
Autotroph
Plants
1 0 0
9
1 0 0 0
86
1 0 0 0 0
855
1 0 0 0 0 0
8547
90% Energy lost from one level to another.
Total 8538 units of energy lost.
10% goes to next level
Im – in
Population Growth Curves
Carrying Capacity
Em - out
Predator/Prey
Population Curve
Logistic Curve
Exponential Curve
-“S” shaped curve
-“J”- curve
-most common in biology
-Population explosion
-Restricted growth pattern
-Unrestricted growth
rate
-Carrying capacity – the
number of individuals that an
environment can support
-Cause: Unlimited
Resources
Examples of limiting factors:
Limiting Factors will cause
populations to reach their
carrying capacity
Predation
Disease
Human activity
Population Population
Increase
Decrease
Birthrate
X
Deathrate
X
Migration Immigration Emmigration
Resources Adequate Insufficient
Cycles
Oxygen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
• Biogeochemical cycle
•
Biogeochemical cycle
•Through the process of
Photosynthesis, plants make
oxygen that animals breathe
in.
•
Carbon is added into the atmosphere by
various means:
•Plants also removes carbon
from the atmosphere
•Aerobic bacteria need
oxygen in order to
breakdown organic material
•
1.
Burning wood/fossil fuels
2.
Result of decomposition
3.
Result of breathing by animals
4.
At night by plants
Carbon is removed from the air by the
process of photosynthesis (Plants, algae,
some bacteria, phytoplankton)
Oxygen-Carbon Cycle
See 2 previous Cycles
Cycles (cont)
Nitrogen Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Water Cycle
•
Biogeochemical cycle
•
Biogeochemical cycle
•
Water Cycle has main parts
•
Nitrogen is the most abundant
element in the atmosphere (80%).
•
•
Evaporation is how water vapor is
returned to the atmosphere.
•
Phosphorus remains mostly in the soil
and rocks. It doesn’t usually enter the
atmosphere.
Most of the nitrogen in the
atmosphere is not useable. Nitrogen
(gaseous form) has to be fixed.
Nitrifying (Nitrogen fixing) algae,
nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil,
ammonia from decaying organisms
and lightning are ways to “fix”
nitrogen.
•
•
Mostly used to make fertilizers
Transpiration is how plants “sweat”
and return water vapor to the air.
•
Algae bloom (increase of algae that
causes bacteria to grow as it consumes
the algae) is caused by too much
phosphorus in water.
•
Condensation is when water vapor gets
cold and turns to a liquid and form
clouds.
•
Precipitation is when the clouds of
condensed liquid gets too heavy and
water is released from them..
•
Unusable nitrogen is added into the
atmosphere by Denitrifying
(Unfixing) bacteria
**Bacteria fight with fish for oxygen.
•
Plants absorb the phosphorus in the
soil and the phosphorus is returned
back to the soil upon decomposition of
the animals that directly or indirectly
consumed the plant.
Cell Types
Both have DNA, chromosomes and
ribosomes.
NO
Prokaryote
YES
Does it have a Nucleus?
Eukaryote
Nucleus
No
Yes
Membrane Covered Organelles
No
Yes
DNA type
Circular
Linear
Reproductive Method
Binary Fission
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Replication Time
Fast
Slow
Example
Bacteria
Examples include
Plant
Characteristics of ALL living things
-Contain cell
-DNA
-Reproduce
-Develop and Grow
-Sense and Respond
-Use Energy (ATP)
Animal
Shape: Circular
Shape: Boxed
Duplicates with a
cell plate
Chloroplast
Large vacuole
Cell Wall
Duplicates with a
cleavage furrow
Centrioles
Cell Structures
Cell  tissue  organ  organ system  organism  population(species)  community  ecosystem (biotic/abiotic)  biosphere
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Nucleolus
Inside nucleus; houses the genetic material (DNA)
Mitochondria
Powerhouse; ATP production; cellular respiration (plant and animal cells)
Ribosomes
In plant cells (cytoplasm) and in animal (on ER); protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
ER is connected to nucleus; intracellular pathway/channel; Smooth or Rough (ribosomes)
Package, ships stores and modifies proteins for transport out of the cell
Cytoplasm
Fluid/gel filled inner parts of cells. Cushions and protects the organelles in a cell
Cell Membrane
Outer membrane; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; plasma membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Membrane around the nucleus
Lysosomes
Contain digestive enzymes; destroys foreign particles
Centriole
Only in animal cells; assist with mitosis
Cell Wall
Only in plant cells; helps to maintain plants structure
Vacuole
In both plants and animals but larger in plants
Cilia
Hair-like projections that aid in a cell’s movement
Flagella
A whip-like structure that aids in a cell’s movement
Cytoskeleton/Microtubules
Maintains the structure of the cell
Endo – in, inside
Exo – out, outside
Pino - drink
All words on page
Transport Mechanisms
Phago - eat
Does it
require/use
energy (ATP)?
Cyto - cell
Yes
No
Passive
“Transport”
Active
“Transport”
From High to Low (with concentration gradient)
From Low to High (against concentration gradient)
DIFFUSION
Endocystosis Phagocystosis
“Simple
Diffusion”
- most common
diffusion
Osmosis
-Water only
Facilitated
Diffusion
-Helper/Channel
- Protein
“In”
“Eat”
Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
“Drink”
“Out”
Hyper – high, more
Solute
Tonicity
Iso - equal
Hypo – low, less
Solvent
•Salt (solute) Sucks!!!! Water follows salt.
•Is the question referring to inside the cell or to the solution.
Tonicity
Hypotonic
Solution
Isotonic
20%
20%
5%
20%
5%
Cell
5%
20%
5%
•Hypertonic
5%
20%
20%
5%
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acid
C H O N P
X X X
X X X
X X X X
X X X X X
4 main Organic Compounds
(based on Carbon)
CHO
CHO
Carbohydrates
CHON
Lipids
*Usually in a 1:2:1 ratio
*NOT in a 1:2:1 ratio
-in cell membrane
CHONP
Proteins
“Prince”
Nucleic Acid
-Modified on Ribosomes
Simple
Complex
Sugar
Starch
Monosaccharide
“Breakfast”
Ex. Glucose
Test: Benedict Solution
(orange with heat)
Simple
Lipid
Polysaccharide Test: Paper bag
(translucent spot)
“Dinner”
Sudan III
Ex. Potato
(red ring
Test: Iodine
(dark purple) around fat globules)
Complex
Glycerol
Fatty Acids
Test: Paper Bag
(translucent spot)
Sudan III
(red ring
around fat globules)
-Hormones
-Subunit is Amino Acid
(Translation)
-subunit is nucleotides
-Examples: DNA and RNA
-Test: Biuret’s Reagent
(lavender or light purple)
-enzymes and hormones
Pro – first, before
Meta – middle, meet
Cell Cycle
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Ana – away, opposite
Telo –far
Cyto - cell
Kinesis - breakdown
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
80% of time
15% of time
5% of time
G1 S 
G2
P M A T
P
M
Cytokinesis is NOT part of Mitosis
The cells are NOT separated during Telophase
A
T
Plant
Animal
Cell Plate
Cleavage Furrow
Photosynthesis
Sunlight
H2 0
Glucose C6H12O6
Gas: CO2
O2
Water plus Carbon Dioxide plus Energy in the form of sunlight yields Oxygen and Glucose
H2 O
6H2O +
energy ( sunlight) 
CO2
6CO2
+
energy ( sunlight) 
O2
6O2
C6H12O6
+
C6H12O6
WRITTEN EQUATION
COMPOUNDS NEEDED
Raw Equation
BALANCED EQUATION
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent
Calvin Cycle
Sunlight
Light independent Reaction
Light reaction
+/- Sunlight
Light dependent Reaction
Dark reaction
Occurs in Thalakoid Membranes
Occurs in Stroma
Key product: 02
Key product: Sugar
Key Reactant: H20
Key Reactant: CO2
R
P
C
6
6
H
12
12
O
18
18
R
i
P
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy yields
(sunlight)
C6H12O6 + 602
(chloroplast -stores)
and
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(ATP)
(mitochondria-releases)
C6H12O6
6CO2
602
6H2O
Energy
and
R
i
P
The reactants of one are the products of the other and vice versa
ATP Production
Glycolysis (2 total ATPs)
(in cytoplasm)
No
Is Oxygen present?
Yes
ATP Production Summary
Fermentation
Lactic Acid
(muscles)
Anaerobic Respiration
Alcohol
(yeast)
Glycolsis
2
Krebs Cycle
2
Electron Transport
32
Aerobic Respiration
(Gly + Cell Resp)
36
Cellular Respiration
mitochondria
Anaerobic Resp
(Gly + Ferm)
2
Lactic Acid Ferm
(with glycolysis)
2
Alcohol Ferm
(with glycolysis)
2
Krebs Cycle (2 ATPs)
and ETS (32 ATPs)
Aerobic Respiration
Meiosis
Egg
23
44
Body
Somatic
mitosis
2
Sex
Meiosis
+ sperm = zygote
23 = 46
Homo
Hetero
Geno
Pheno
Dominant
Recessive
Alleles
Probability
Diploid
Haploid
Mono
Diploid
Law of Independent Assortment
Genetic Traits
Dominant
Polygenic
Sex-Linked
-Many genes
determine traits
Dominant/
Recessive
Incomplete
Co-dominance
-Only 2 options
-1 options
-2 options
-Example tall or short
-In between
- co means “2”
-Example: White
plus red flower
yields pink
flowers
-Example:
Black plus
white yields
black with
white or white
with black
Dominant
-Needs just one
Capital letter to
have the disease
Recessive
-Needs two
lowercase letters
to have the disease
(unless it is a male
with one
Uppercase on X
chromosome.
Punnett Squares and Pedigrees
Genotype: genes (allele distribution)
Phenotype: Physical characteristics
Egg plus sperm yields zygote
Homo: same
Dominant/Recessive
Hetero: Different
H and h are different
PP = Homozygous Dominant
Pp = Heterozygous Dominant
H and H are the same (so is h and h)
Mono: Means one. Monohybrid is one trait that
has 2 letters.
pp = Recessive
Sex-Linked
If Male child is diseased,
“He got it from his momma”
Biomolecules/Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
-abbreviated NA
-elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
compounds
Sugar (5 carbon)
nitrogen base
phosphate group
-subunit: nucleotides
-examples
DNA
RNA
name
-deoxyribonucleic acid
sugar
-deoxyribose
nucleotides -GAC and T
strands
-double stranded/double helix
Edwin Chargaff’s Rule
G=C (DNA/RNA)
A=T (DNA)
A=U (RNA)
30% G
20% A
DNA
__% C
__% U
__% T
name
-ribonucleic acid
sugar
-ribose
nucleotides -GAC and U
strands
-single stranded
30% G
20% A
RNA
__% C
__% U
__% T
ase = enzyme
ose = sugar
DNA Synthesis
Replication
Transcription
Translation
1 copy of DNA to 2 copies of DNA
In nucleus
Hydrogen Bonds
DNA to RNA
In nucleus
RNA to Amino Acids and Proteins
On ribosomes
Peptide Bonds
Key players:
DNA polymerase
Helicase
GAC and T
Replication Forks
Key players:
RNA polymerase
mRNA, tRNA
rRna
GAC and U
rUn
and
RNA
DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting: Look to see which set has the most matching lines
Key players:
tRNA, mRNA
Amino Acids (20)
Mutations
Gene
Chromosomal
(Changes in number OR
structure of chromosomes)
Point
Substitution
Frameshift
(changes one amino
acid)
(hinders protein
from performing
its function)
Deletion
Insertion
Inversion
Deletion
Duplication
Translocation
Evolution
Homologous Structures: Same structure
Analogous Structures: Different function
Natural Selection
Directional
Disruptive
Stabilizing
One extreme of
genotypic expression is
favored
Both Extremes
Average
Levels of Fossil Classification
Youngest
Oldest
Probably extinct
Don’t look like animals here today
* Fish fossils in areas of dry land suggest that the area was onve under water (shallow marine)
2
3
4
5
P1
F1
1 or F1: Siblings
2: Normal Female
3 or P1: Marriage
4: Normal Male
5: Someone Marrying a Sibling
6: Carrier Female
7: Diseased Male
8: Diseased Female
1
6
7
First Parents: P1
First Children: F1
Children of First Children: F2
Not available: Carrier Male
F2
8
Marriage
Siblings
Pedigree Introduction
Pro – ___________
Meta – __________
Cell Cycle
Eukaryotic Cell Cycle
Ana – ___________
Telo –___________
Cyto - __________
Kinesis - _________
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
80% of time
15% of time
5% of time
G1 S 
G2
P M A T
P
M
A
T
Plant
Animal
Cell Plate
Cleavage Furrow
Cytokinesis is NOT part of Mitosis
The cells are NOT separated during Telophase
Can you complete the replication process in 1 step? 2? 3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9?10?
Photosynthesis
_____________
H2 0
Glucose ___________
Gas: ___________
O2
Water plus Carbon Dioxide plus Energy in the form of sunlight yields Oxygen and Glucose
H2 O
CO2
energy ( sunlight) 
O2
C6H12O6
__________________________________________________________________________
WRITTEN EQUATION
COMPOUNDS NEEDED
Raw Equation
BALANCED EQUATION
Photosynthesis
Light Dependent
Calvin Cycle
________________
Light independent Reaction
Light reaction
+/- Sunlight
Light dependent Reaction
____________reaction
Occurs in _______________
Occurs in ___________
Key product: ______
Key product: ________
Key Reactant: ________
Key Reactant: _______
R
P
C
6
6
H
12
12
O
18
18
R
i
P
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy yields
(________)
C6H12O6 + 602
(chloroplast -_______________)
and
Cellular Respiration: C6H12O6 + 602 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
(_____)
(mitochondria-_____________)
_________
______
_________
_______
_______
and
The reactants of one are the _________________of the other and vice versa
ATP Production
Glycolysis (___ total ATPs)
(in ____________)
No
Is ________ present?
Yes
ATP Production Summary
___________________
Lactic Acid
(_________)
__________ Respiration
Alcohol
(yeast)
Glycolsis
2
Krebs Cycle
2
Electron Transport
32
Aerobic Respiration
(Gly + Cell Resp)
____
___________________
_____________
Anaerobic Resp
(Gly + Ferm)
2
Lactic Acid Ferm
(with glycolysis)
2
Alcohol Ferm
(with glycolysis)
2
Krebs Cycle (2 ATPs)
and ETS (32 ATPs)
_________ Respiration